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Figure 2.3.: The volute can be designed with a single entry or multiple entries. This figure shows how, for a single entry type, the fluid is circulated 360◦ around the periphery and 180◦ for a double entry type. The figure is adapted from [17]. Maki H. and Mori Y. studied the difference in pressure coefficient for the different types and their conclusion was, a bit unexpectedly, that the smoothest pressure distribution is obtained with concave blades [11]. Leaving the nozzle vanes the flow most likely does not follow the trailing edge, this is term deviation. N.C. Baines describes this phenomenon as a combination of two events. As the fluid leaves the trailing edge, an expansion occurs due to the finite difference which the thickness at the trailing edge forms. This causes the flow to overturn due to a decrease of the radial component of the velocity. On the other hand the vanes do not give perfect guidance which causes the flow to underturn. The vanes do not give perfect guidance because this would require an infinite number of blades (or at least, a high number of blades) which would increase the wet surface and cause friction losses. The vaneless space between the nozzle vanes’ trailing edge and the leading edge of the impeller must be given special attention when designing the radial turbine (this would also apply on a radial turbine lacking nozzle vanes, then the vaneless space would exist between the volue exit and impeller inlet). If the vaneless space is too small, wakes which forms at the trailing edge of the nozzle vanes are not allowed to be mixed out and the flow approaching the impeller will not be uniform. It is also possible for the stator and impeller to be mechanically coupled which could excite blade resonances. If instead the vaneless space is made to large the wet surface, which induces friction, could lead to extreme pressure losses and also it would make the overall size of the turbine unnecessary big. The use of radial turbines in turbochargers is widely spread. A turbocharger will work with large variations in inlet pressure and mass flow and this leads to poor performance. A common implemented solution has been to incorporate variable nozzle vanes. They are variable in the sense that they can shift their angle, making the throat smaller or bigger. There will arise a void (or clearance) at the end walls and this will lead to the leakage of some of the fluid which will not be turned in the nozzle vanes but instead 7PDF Image | A Detailed Analysis of Radial Turbines
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