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when the flow is approaching the tip with a negative incidence. It can be found in the literature that, highest efficiency is obtained with an incidence of -20◦ to -40◦, [12]. This phenomenon can be explained on the basis of the figures 2.6 and 2.7. While the fluid is entering the inducer, angular momentum is conserved which increases the tangential velocity, however, the blade speed is decreasing at a faster rate. This forces the fluid to move toward the pressure surface. In addition to this effect there is the Coriolis acceleration, which, however, diminishes with radius. The effect of these events is that at the tip the fluid is forced toward the suction surface, however, this force is not matched at lower radius and as a consequence the fluid is pressed toward the pressure surface, causing some flow to circulate. At large negative incidence angles the circulation will be extensive and cause the flow to separate on the pressure surface. The contrary will happen at small negative or positive incidence angles, the flow will then separate on the suction surface. The outlet of the impeller, often called the exducer or the exducer region, represents the part of the impeller where the fluid is mainly axial and has a large component of swirl (large tangential component). Because of the large component of swirl, a Coriolis acceleration will arise but unlike in the inducer, this Coriolis acceleration will act in the radial direction which will direct the flow from hub to shroud. As a consequence of the change in tangential velocity in the impeller, another force will arise which acts between the blade surfaces. Finally there are secondary flows resulting from these forces. To recover some of the static pressure after the impeller, a diffusor might be incorporated in which the flow is allowed to expand due to an increase in flow area. The diffusor is not always incorporated and in fact, while it will help recover static pressure it will ultimately cause losses in total pressure and total efficiency. 2.1. Strategies for design and performance analysis of radial turbines The course of action when designing a radial turbine is quite different from the one conducted when running a performance analysis. The design procedure attempts to develop a geometry which is going to meet certain performance parameter, (e.g. mass flow, efficiency, power and expansion ratio), at one operating point. The turbine will, however, work at multiple running points which do not match the design point, this is called off-design. The performance analysis is used to predict the performance of the turbine at operating points and while the geometry is the product developed from the design stage, the geometry is used as input in the performance analysis. The process of aerodynamically designing a radial turbine involves several steps. Prefer- ably the steps can be divided into one-, two- and three-dimensional design (other steps 10PDF Image | A Detailed Analysis of Radial Turbines
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