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4.1.3. Summary Off-design performance of the first radial turbine have been simulated using ”RIFT”. When Volvo performed tests on this turbine, they used a scaled prototype and the test were performed in a cold rig. To evaluate the influence of that and what difference it may bring to the results, the turbine was modeled and the performance was simulated in ”RIFT” for two cases. One in which the original turbine was modeled and the analyses used the imaginary input data, and one in which the turbine and input data were modeled according to the prototype used in the tests. The results from the cold rig were comprehensive which helped in modeling the input data to the simulation analyses. The results show relatively good agreement when comparing the total-to-total efficiency for both cases. Depending on which total-to-total efficiency is used in the comparison, the torque- or the temperature measured, small differences can be seen. The torque measured efficiency shows rather large difference for small expansion ratios, this can be seen for both cases. It is of great importance when evaluating the results that the geometry used in the simulations is consistent with the one used in the rig. With such a small device, which this radial turbine is, even small deviations from the original design is going to influence the results. The mass flow is mainly controlled by the stator throat, hence great care should be taken when modeling it. The geometry which was given as input to this simulation was the imaginary geometry and it is possible that when the turbine was manufactured, due to tolerances and the fact that the geometry is modeled in different CAD applications, it did not result in the same geometry. A deviating geometry will not only lead to that the mass flow is wrongly predicted, but the pressure loss and thus the efficiency will not be accurately determined either. Thus the comparison in mass flow is a good measurement on how well the modeled geometry complies with the geometry used in the rig and consequently how well the losses can be predicted. The mass flow presented in figures 4.4 and 4.7 show good agreement for the case when the scaled turbine was modeled. However, the same cannot be said for the case with the original turbine. An explanation may come from the fact the mass flow and shaft speed are calculated from the dimensionless mass flow and shaft speed using equation (3.3) and it does not take which fluid is used into account. The surface roughness was not given together with the geometry and had to be estimated. It is a parameter which is hard to determine and which greatly influence the prediction of the losses. This was discovered early in the simulations and it was decided to specify the surface roughness as constant in all components. In retrospect, it can be thought that the estimated surface roughness was a bit high which probably led to an underestimated efficiency. The efficiency was, however, probably also overestimated due to the fact that the tip of the impeller is scalloped. E.A. Baskharone presents a graph, figure 4.8, which can be used to estimate the losses due to scalloping of the impeller tip, [5]. From this 47PDF Image | A Detailed Analysis of Radial Turbines
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