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Article Preliminary Design and Off-Design Analysis of a Radial Outflow Turbine for Organic Rankine Cycles Jun-Seong Kim 1 and Do-Yeop Kim 2,* 1 Nuclear Power Equipment Research Center, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, 727, Taejong-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan 49112, Korea; kylejune@kmou.ac.kr 2 Division of Marine System Engineering, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, 727, Taejong-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan 49112, Korea * Correspondence: doyeop@kmou.ac.kr; Tel.: +82-51-410-4282 Received: 8 April 2020; Accepted: 21 April 2020; Published: 24 April 2020 Abstract: Recently, the advantages of radial outflow turbines have been outstanding in various operating conditions of the organic Rankine cycle. However, there are only a few studies of such turbines, and information on the design procedure is insufficient. The main purpose of this study is to provide more detailed information on the design methodology of the turbine. In this paper, a preliminary design program of a radial outflow turbine for organic Rankine cycles was developed. The program determines the main specifications of the turbine through iterative calculations using the enthalpy loss model and deviation angle model. For reliability evaluation of the developed algorithm, a 400.0 kW turbine for R143a was designed. The designed turbine was validated through computational fluid dynamics. As a result, the accuracy of the program was about 95% based on the turbine power, which shows that it is reliable. In addition, the turbine target performance could be achieved by fine-tuning the blade angle of the nozzle exit. In addition, performance evaluation of the turbine against off-design conditions was performed. Ranges of velocity ratio, loading coefficient, and flow coefficient that can expect high efficiency were proposed through the off- design analysis of the turbine. Keywords: radial outflow turbine; organic Rankine cycle; preliminary design; off-design analysis; computational fluid dynamics 1. Introduction Environmental regulations are gradually being strengthened due to air pollution and global warming [1]. Therefore, research on eco-friendly power generation systems that can replace fossil fuels has been actively conducted. In accordance with this global trend, the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is one of the eco-friendly power generation cycles that is in the spotlight [2]. In the organic Rankine cycle, the turbine is a key factor in the efficiency and cost of the power generation cycle [3,4]. For this reason, research on the turbine design technology for organic Rankine cycles is continuously being performed. The most used types of turbines for organic Rankine cycles are axial turbines and radial inflow turbines. The axial turbine is advantageous for high efficiency and high power through a multi-stage configuration [5]. On the other hand, the blade height of the axial turbine increases from the first stage to the last stage according to the expansion of the working fluid. As the blade height increases, the blade must be twisted as the velocity triangles of the hub and tip differ greatly from each other [6]. Therefore, the axial turbine is relatively difficult to design and fabricate. The radial inflow turbine is easy to manufacture and has good performance even under off-design conditions [7]. However, Energies 2020, 13, x; doi: FOR PEER REVIEW www.mdpi.com/journal/energiesPDF Image | Analysis of a Radial Outflow Turbine for Organic Rankine Cycles
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