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Energies 2020, 13, 2118 7 of 19 3. Validation of the Preliminary Design Program 3.1. Design Condition For validation of the preliminary design program, a radial outflow turbine was designed. The design condition was referenced by the studies of Kim [2] and Sauret et al. [28], and the main design (π‘π‘ βππ) of the nozzle blade and rotor blade was selected to be 0.25 and 0.10, respectively. variables are shown in Table 1. In consideration of manufacturability, the thicknessβchord ratio ππππππ Table 1. Design values of a radial outflow turbine. Variables Unit Values - R143a kW 400.0 MPa 5.0 K 413.0 MPa 3.4 % 90.0 % 85.0 ππΜ Working fluid ππ01 ππ01 ππ3 πππ‘π‘π‘π‘ πππ‘π‘π‘π‘ 3.2. Results of Preliminary Design As the preliminary design result for the design conditions in Table 1, the RPM range that satisfies the high accuracy required and design conditions was 7100β7300 RPM. Table 2 shows the main specifications of the radial outflow turbine according to RPM. Excluding the number of nozzle blades and rotor blades, there is no significant difference in turbine shape according to RPM. Meanwhile, the local power grid generally uses a frequency of 60 Hz. In this study, 7200 RPM, which is easy to convert to frequency, was determined as the RPM of the turbine. 3.3. Method of CFD Analysis The preliminary design program of the radial outflow turbine was validated using CFD. It is an effective, economical, and reliable tool for validating the preliminary design program of turbomachinery. ANSYS-BladeGen V13.0 was used to complete the full geometry of the radial outflow turbine corresponding to the preliminary design results of 7200 RPM (Figure 5). The blade angle was set to change linearly over the flow path. The 4-digit NACA thickness model provided by ANSYS- BladeGen was applied for the nozzle and rotor blades in Table 2 [29]. For effective validation, analysis was performed on the one-passage geometry of the nozzle and rotor. A hexagonal mesh was created using ANSYS-TurboGrid V13.0 based on the one-passage geometry of the nozzle and rotor, as shown in Figure 6 [30]. ANSYS-CFX V13.0 was used as the CFD analysis program. The equation of state for the working fluid R143a used the reliable AungierβRedlichβKwong equation even near the critical condition [27]. The turbulence model used the shear stress transport (SST) model, which can expect more accurate flow predictions than the kβΞ΅ model in the boundary layer. The physical time step was set to 0.1βππ according to the ANSYS-CFX V13.0 reference guide [31]. Considering that it is one passage, inlet boundary conditions were given mass flow (0.90 kg/s = 41.45 kg/s Γ· 46 passages) and total temperature (413.0 K). The exit boundary condition was given static pressure (3.4 MPa). ThePDF Image | Analysis of a Radial Outflow Turbine for Organic Rankine Cycles
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