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11 VII. List of Figures FIGURE 1-1: ROAD FUEL PRICES IN THE UK [6]............................................................................................. 2 FIGURE 1-2: SUMMARY OF CO2 AND FUEL CONSUMPTION REDUCTION FROM ADOPTED PHASE 1 AND PROPOSED PHASE 2 HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLE STANDARDS FOR SELECTED VEHICLE CATEGORIES [7].... 2 FIGURE 1-3: GLOBAL COMPARISON OF PASSENGER VEHICLE GHG EMISSION STANDARDSNORMALISED TO NEDC GCO2/KM[7]. ......................................................................................................................... 3 FIGURE 1-4: SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF ATYPICAL RANKINE CYCLE(TOP) AND THE T–S DIAGRAM(BOTTOM). ........................................................................................................................... 4 FIGURE 1-5: SCHEMATIC OF THE TURBINE ASSEMBLY................................................................................. 6 FIGURE 2-1: REPRESENTATION OF THE REHEAT CYCLE (LEFT) AND THE REGENERATIVE CYCLE (RIGHT). . 15 FIGURE 2-2: CATEGORIES OF WORKING FLUIDS. ....................................................................................... 19 FIGURE 2-3: (A)SCROLL EXPANDER [112], (B) SCREW EXPANDER [113], (C) PISTON EXPANDER [114] AND ROTARY VANE EXPANDER [115]. ........................................................................................................ 24 FIGURE 2-4: PERFORMANCE OF SCROLL EXPANDERS. ............................................................................... 33 FIGURE 2-5: PERFORMANCE OF SCREW EXPANDERS. ............................................................................... 34 FIGURE 2-6: PERFORMANCE OF PISTON EXPANDERS. ............................................................................... 35 FIGURE 2-7: PERFORMANCE OF ROTARY VANE EXPANDERS. .................................................................... 36 FIGURE 2-8: 3D GEOMETRIES OF AXIAL TURBINE (LEFT) [173] AND RADIAL TURBINE (RIGHT) [174]. ...... 37 FIGURE 2-9: PERFORMANCE OF AXIAL TURBINES. ..................................................................................... 44 FIGURE 2-10: PERFORMANCE OF RADIAL TURBINES. ................................................................................ 45 FIGURE 2-11: EXPANDER EFFICIENCY VERSUS SPECIFIC SPEED FOR DIFFERENT EXPANDERS. .................. 48 FIGURE 2-12: EXPANDER POWER OUTPUTS VERSUS SPECIFIC SPEED FOR DIFFERENT EXPANDERS ......... 48 FIGURE 2-13: COST ESTIMATION OF EXPANDERS BASED ON POWER OUTPUT ONLY. .............................. 50 FIGURE 2-14: COST CONTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT EXPANSION MACHINES IN RELATION TO ORC COMPONENT AND TOTAL COSTS. ...................................................................................................... 52 FIGURE 2-15: CONTRIBUTIONS OF COMPONENT COSTS TO TOTAL SYSTEM COST. ................................. 52 FIGURE 3-1: T–S DIAGRAM OF DIFFERENT WORKING FLUIDS. .................................................................. 59 FIGURE 3-2: SCHEMATIC PRESENTATION OF THE ENGINE–ORC SYSTEM FOR THE FIRST MODEL. ............ 60 FIGURE 3-3: T–S DIAGRAM OF THE ENGINE–ORC SYSTEM FOR THE FIRST MODEL. .................................. 60 FIGURE 3-4: SCHEMATIC PRESENTATION OF THE ENGINE–ORC SYSTEM FOR THE SECOND MODEL. ....... 60 FIGURE 3-5: ORC MODEL WITH CONSTANT AND DYNAMIC EXPANDER EFFICIENCY. ................................ 62 FIGURE 3-6: DIESEL ENGINE MAP WITH THE DESIGN POINT HIGHLIGHTED THROUGH A BLUE DOT. ....... 65 FIGURE 3-7: THERMAL EFFICIENCY AT CONSTANT AND DYNAMIC TURBINE PERFORMANCE FOR DIFFERENT WORKING FLUIDS. ........................................................................................................... 67PDF Image | Automotive Radial Turbine Expander Design WHR
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