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12 FIGURE 3-8: THERMAL EFFICIENCY AT CONSTANT AND DYNAMIC TURBINE PERFORMANCE FOR DIFFERENT WORKING FLUIDS AT VARIOUS MASS FLOW RATES. ....................................................... 68 FIGURE 3-9: RADIAL-INFLOW TURBINE WITH DIFFERENT STATOR POSITIONS (VGT)................................ 70 FIGURE 3-10: ORC THERMAL EFFICIENCY AT DIFFERENT NOZZLE POSITIONS FOR THE THREE ENGINE’S OPERATING POINTS............................................................................................................................ 71 FIGURE 3-11: EXPANDER EFFICIENCY AT DIFFERENT NOZZLE POSITIONS FOR THE THREE ENGINE’S OPERATING POINTS............................................................................................................................ 71 FIGURE 3-12: CYCLE AT DIFFERENT NOZZLE POSITIONS FOR THE THREE ENGINE’S OPERATING POINTS. 72 FIGURE 3-13: T–SDIAGRAM OF THE ORC AT ENGINE POINT P1................................................................. 73 FIGURE 3-14: T–SDIAGRAM OF THE ORC AT ENGINE POINTS P3. .............................................................. 73 FIGURE 3-15:COMPARISON BETWEEN FIXED AND VARIABLE GEOMETRY TURBINES ON ORC EFFICIENCY. ............................................................................................................................................................ 74 FIGURE 3-16: COMPARISON BETWEEN FIXED AND VARIABLE GEOMETRY TURBINES ON ORC POWER. .. 74 FIGURE 3-17: COMPARISON BETWEEN FIXED AND VARIABLE GEOMETRY TURBINES ON ENGINE POWER. ............................................................................................................................................................ 75 FIGURE 3-18: COMPARISON BETWEEN FIXED AND VARIABLE GEOMETRY TURBINES ON ENGINE BSFC. . 76 FIGURE 3-19: EFFECT OF THERMAL OIL HEAT EXCHANGER LENGTH ON EXHAUST PRESSURE DROP AND ABSORBED HEAT FOR BOTH TESTED FLUIDS......................................................................................77 FIGURE 3-20: EFFECT OF EXHAUST BACKPRESSURE ON ENGINE BSFC AT THE MAXIMUM ENGINE LOAD AND SPEED CONDITIONS.................................................................................................................... 78 FIGURE 3-21: TEMPERATURE PROFILE OF R1233ZDE. ............................................................................... 78 FIGURE 3-22: TEMPERATURE PROFILE OF NOVEC649. .............................................................................. 79 FIGURE 3-23: EFFECT OF THERMAL OIL HEAT EXCHANGER EEXHAUST PRESSURE DROP ON ORC NET POWER AND CUMULATIVE POWERTRAIN POWER. ........................................................................... 80 FIGURE 3-24: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THERMAL OIL HEAT EXCHANGER EXHAUST PRESSURE DROP AND POWERTRAIN FUEL CONSUMPTION. ................................................................................................. 81 FIGURE 3-25: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WHR SYSTEM WEIGHT AND POWER OUTPUT. ........................... 82 FIGURE 3-26: EFFECT OF THERMAL OIL HEAT EXCHANGER LENGTH ON POWER-TO-WEIGHT RATIO OF THE WHR SYSTEM. ............................................................................................................................. 83 FIGURE 4-1: ARCHITECTURE OF THE RADIAL TURBINE STAGE. .................................................................. 88 FIGURE 4-2: MERIDIONAL VIEW OF THE TURBINE STAGE.......................................................................... 88 FIGURE 4-3:ENTALPY–ENTROPY DIAGRAM OF THE TURBINE STAGE......................................................... 89 FIGURE 4-4:CONFIGURATIONS OF THE TURBINE CASING. ......................................................................... 90 FIGURE 4-5: CONFIGURATIONS OF STATOR VANES: CAMBERED (LEFT) AND UN-CAMBERED (RIGHT). .... 91 FIGURE 4-6: NON-RADIAL (LEFT) AND RADIAL TURBINE BLADES (RIGHT). ................................................ 92 FIGURE 4-7:VELOCITY TRIANGLES OF RADIAL (LEFT) AND NON-RADIAL (RIGHT) BLADES [75]. ................ 92PDF Image | Automotive Radial Turbine Expander Design WHR
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