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5 The performance of ORC systems can be increased throughseveral ways. The extracted work is represented in the enclosed area in the T–sdiagram, as shown in Figure 1-4. Lowering the condenser pressure (bottom line) could increase the cycle efficiency. The low condenser pressure is constrained by the saturation pressure of the cooling system. However, lowering the condenser pressure might increase the moisture content at the turbine blades. To overcome this obstacle, superheating, which is defined as increasing the average temperature at which heat is transferred to the working fluid, can be used. Superheating also increases the enclosed area in the T–s diagram and,consequently, increases thecycle performance. However, the metallurgical considerations of working fluids control the superheat limit. Cycle performance can also be improved by increasing the evaporator pressure. This change increases the average temperature at which heat is transferred to the working fluid. Overall, ORC performance can be improved by the following activities: Lowering the condenser pressure Superheating the working fluid Increasing the evaporating pressure 1.1.3 Radial-Inflow Turbines in Organic Rankine Cycle Radial-inflow turbine is one of most common types of rotordynamic machines. It is a work-producing device thathas two essential parts (Figure 1-5). The first part is a fixed part thatconsists of volute and stator vanes. The volute introducessome swirl to the fluid, and the nozzle vanes guide the flow, accelerate it and remove any circumferential non-uniformity. The second part is the rotating part, which is called the rotor. In the rotor, the flow is further expanded to rotate the blades and producemechanical work. The working fluid enters the volute in a superheated stateto gain some swirl and then radially enters the nozzle vanes. The fluid then expands and accelerates through the nozzle vanes where the pressure energy transforms to kinetic energy, resulting in a temperature drop. A vaneless space is required between the stator vane exit and the rotor inlet. This space is aPDF Image | Automotive Radial Turbine Expander Design WHR
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