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9 and coupling the system to a real 7.3L HDD engine. Then, the coupled engine-ORC system is tested under steady-state conditions to helpvalidatingthe proposed off-design model mentioned in the first bullet. 1.3 Thesis Structure This thesis isorganised in eight chapters. Each chapter presents a major aspect of the work and consistsof sections and subsections. Chapter 1is theintroductory chapter that presents an overview of the worldwide concerns onfossil fuel, particularly its increasing prices and environmental impact. This chapter also briefly presents the working principle of ORC systems and the demand for a mean-line model topredict turbine performance at the early stage of a project, which leads to reduced consumptionof time and resources. Chapter 2presents a comprehensive literature review of WHR technologies that focus on ORC systems. This chapter also presents state-of-the-art studies onORC systems as WHR systems in automotive applications. The main aim of Chapter 2 is to intensivelyreview the different types of expansion machines, both turbo and volumetric expanders, and discuss the pros and cons of each type in automotive applications.It also aims toconstruct a selection guide that depends on the performance and cost of each expander. Chapter 3is mainly a feasibility study to investigate ORC systems as bottoming cycles in HDD engines. This chapter consists of two main parts. For each part, a separate ORC model is built using MATLAB software. The first part is a typical ORC model for exploringthe effects of theradial-inflow turbine as an expansion on the ORC and powertrain performances. This part includes a study of the assumption of the constant expander’s efficiency that is widely used in ORC studies. To this end, it integrates a mean-line model of the turbine,whichis explained in Chapter 5. This part also explores the differences between the fixed geometry turbine (FGT) and the variable geometry turbine (VGT) and their effects on ORC and powertrain performances. The second part is a two-loop ORC system consisting of an oilPDF Image | Automotive Radial Turbine Expander Design WHR
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