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29 and decreased slightly with the increasing pressure. Moreover, the expander efficiency decreased with the condensing pressure. Four years later, Kubo [138] conducted a study to evaluate the concept of bottoming cycle inheavy-duty transport diesel engine applications using three cycles, namely,steam cycle, ORC and Stirling cycle. In the study, most of the components were similar, except for the expansion machine. In the ORC, a turbine was used with a rated speed of approximately 20,000 rpm, while the steam system used a two-cylinder reciprocating piston expander with a rated speed of 2,000 rpm. In terms of fuel consumption, ORC showed the best improvement at 13.7%, followed by steam cycle at13.3% andStirling cycle at 9.1%. In 2012, Seher et al. [139] conducted a simulation and an experimental study using a12L heavy duty engine with ORC as the WHR technology. The results ofthe simulation study showed that the effective power output of the piston machine was 12 kW. The experimental results of the prototype showed that a mechanical output power up to 14 kW was realised, with a mechanical efficiencybetter than 85% at 1500 rpm. The authors concluded that water and ethanol are favourable when using a piston expander. In 2013, Wenzhi et al. [126] conducted a study to investigate the combined effects of heat exchangers and a single-stage piston expander on the performance of the Rankine cycle system. The authors used the exhaust gas of a high-speed turbocharged diesel engine as the heat source. They concluded that the expander efficiency increased withthe intake pressure until 2 MPa and then startedto decrease. The expander efficiency, power output and global efficiency increased withthe intake temperaturebecause of the enthalpy increase. In the experimental test, a maximum of 12% power output increasewas obtained when the diesel engine operatedat 80 kW/2590 rpm and the expander workedat 4 MPa of intake pressure. The following year, Daccord et al. [140] studied the influences of utilising axial piston expanders on the performance of an ORC used in WHR. The authors employed the exhaust gas of a 1.6L gasoline engine as the heat source. They concluded that a piston expander with a capacity of 183 𝑐𝑚3 and an expansion ratio of 8 is the best compromise between low and highPDF Image | Automotive Radial Turbine Expander Design WHR
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