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38 size axial flow turbines are typically more efficient than radial flow turbines because the flow turn in the meridional plane is eliminated [175]. Axial turbines are commonly used with high flow rates and low-pressure ratios. This is because at low mass flow, the blades of an axial turbine become very small, which makes maintaining a small tip clearance difficult andresults in a significant drop in efficiency [176]. Meanwhile, radial turbines are used with high pressure ratios and low mass flow rates, which make them practical for use in ORCs. In terms of expansion, radial turbines can accommodate an expansion ratio of approximately 9 to 1 in a single stage, while axial turbines would commonly require two or three stages to handle such an expansion [177]. However, axial turbines have a distinct advantage, which is the possibility of being air cooled when operating under high temperatures [177]. Nevertheless, cooling is not an issue in ORCs because they are always preferred when low- to medium-heat sources are used. In terms of manufacturing cost, radial turbines are less expensive as they could be derived from standard production and are not sensitive to the blade profile [120]. In addition, radial turbines are preferred over axial ones because their geometries allow higher peripheral speeds than those of axial turbines and, therefore, a higher enthalpy drop per stage [117]. The author [178]proved that the isentropic efficiencies of radial-inflow turbines can be maintained high, which is beneficial for ORC performance, by controlling the generator rotational speeds.In addition, Sauret and Rowlands[179] stated that radial turbines are preferred over axial ones because forthe following reasons: Radial turbines are less sensitive to blade profile inaccuracies than axial machines,thereby enabling need to maintain high efficiencies as size decreases. Radial turbines are more robust under increased blade load from using high-density fluids at either subcritical or supercritical conditions. Radial-inflow turbines are easier to manufacture relative to axial machines as the blades are attached to the hub. The rotor dynamic stability of the system is also improved due to the high stiffness.PDF Image | Automotive Radial Turbine Expander Design WHR
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