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42 engine. The working fluid and the expansion machine were siloxane and radial-inflow turbine, respectively. The turbine efficiency was calculated as 78%,which would run at 25,990 rpm. The results of the ORC system showed that the turbo-generator can provide approximately 9.6kW of additional power to the diesel engine operating in cruising conditions of 150kW power output at 1500 rpm, without significantly altering its operation. In the same year, Takatoshi et al. [189] conducted an experimental test on the ORC used to recover the heat of the engine coolant with hydro-fluoro- ether as the working fluid. The study focused on optimising each component of the cycle. To optimise the turbine, a small nozzle angle was set to increase the saturation temperature in the evaporator. In addition, ball bearings were applied to a shaft, and a permanent magnet type generator was adopted. System efficiency was improved by expanding the difference of the saturation temperature, improving the heat exchanger performance and using a high-pressure turbine. The results showed that a 7.5% improvement in fuel economy was accomplished by using the developed Rankine cycle generating system. In 2015, Costall et al. [190] designed a radial-inflow turbinefor use in an ORC system that recovers wasted heat of off-high way diesel engine. The authors designed three radial turbines and selected toluene as the working fluid due to its high critical temperature, which aligns with the 300°C heat source. However, the small turbine (~20 mm dia.) led toimpractical blade geometry (1.6mm blade height). The medium turbine (62.9 mm) produced 34.1 kW with 51.5% efficiency,whereasthe large turbine (83.0 mm) produced 45.6 kW for maximum isentropic efficiency (56.1%). Rudenko et al. [191] designed two nozzleless radial-inflow turbines for use as expansion machines in a dual-loop ORC system using R245fa as the working fluid. The achieved total-to-static efficiency and the power output of the high-pressure turbine were 85.18% and 211.4 KW, respectively, while they were 91.33% and 394.6 KW for the low-pressure turbine. The results also showed that up to 19.73% of power boost for the ICE can be achieved without burning additional fuel.PDF Image | Automotive Radial Turbine Expander Design WHR
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