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46 PDEs, which make them suitable candidates for large-scale systems. A main disadvantage of turbo-expanders is that they cannot withstand two-phase fluids due to the possibility of corrosion at the turbine blades. Axial turbine presents very high efficiencies for a wide range of pressure ratios. However, a multi-stage configuration is required for high pressure ratios, which increase the weight of the turbine. Meanwhile, radial-inflow turbines present reasonably high efficiencies and higher power outputs. In general, the efficiency curve of the radial turbine is flatter than the axial turbinein terms of the off-design performance. Compared to PDEs, the design of turbo- machines is simpler. They can also be adjusted and optimised for different operating conditions and resources without changing the overall size. Moreover, no lubrication is required in turbo-expanders, which could spoil the working fluid, due the absence of contact seals [195]. 2.3.3 Selection of an Optimum Expansion Machine Expansion machines are the mechanical power conversion devices used in the ORC heat recovery process converting heat to electricity. As stated, no single expansion machine is superior over other applications. However, the thermodynamic operating conditions in the ORC system can be derived and expressed as dimensionless parameters that can be utilised to select the preferable expansion machine. In addition to the thermodynamic conditions, the operating speed of the expander has a major impact on the expander type. Moreover, size and weight should be considered in some applications, such as the interior of vehicles where space is limited. In this study, the potential efficiencies and power outputs of ORC expanders based on the literature for different expansion machines are presented. Well-known studies in the literature, such as those of Balje [196], Dixon and Hall [197], Badr et al. [198] and Watson and Janota [199]discussed the correlated turbine efficiency against the specific speed for air turbines. Specific speed, as shown in equation(2-3), is a function of operating conditions. Therefore, it can be utilised at the early stage of the project to specify the optimum expander type for a certain application without considering the geometrical parameters.PDF Image | Automotive Radial Turbine Expander Design WHR
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