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53 material, insurance, taxes, utilities and shipping. Generally, scroll expanders are popular for their relatively low cost [45] as they can operate without inlet and exhaust valves, with low parts count and high-volume production. They could be even cheaper if they were modified from scroll compressors. Meanwhile, piston expanders have not become common practice due to their need for bearings and outlet valves that increase the production cost [217]. Screw expanders are not cheap because they might require a reduction gearbox [218]. Vane expanders are the cheapest as they can be designed with less weight [219], fewer mechanical parts and without suction valves. Lubrication requirements, technical complexities and frictional and leakage losses are the main technical barriers in the commercialisation of volumetric expanders [67]. Compared to PDEs, turbo- expanders are in the middle in terms of cost. However, turbo-expanders with high rotational speeds place strict requirements on the bearing, shaft seal and strength of rotating parts [47]. Given thatcosts increase proportionally with size, multi-stage turbo-expanders are even more expensive and are thus not included inFigure 2-14 and Figure 2-15. 2.4 Conclusion The literature review can be summarised as following: Most of the applied waste heat recovery technologies in vehicular engines are either theoretical studies or experimental results using prototypes. These technologies should be investigated using actual exhaust gases of vehicular engines. Compared to other waste heat recovery technologies, ORCs provide an attractive combination of efficiency and affordability for engine exhaust. It also exhibits great flexibility, high safety and low maintenance requirements. In comparison with steam cycles, ORCs show better efficiency but their costs are higher. Exhaust gases, jacket water, EGR and engine coolant are the most common heat sources when applied in WHR systems, with priority forPDF Image | Automotive Radial Turbine Expander Design WHR
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