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54 exhaust gases. However, some studies showed that ORCs behave badly in recovering heat in jacket water. No working fluid is superior for an ORC system. The selection of an optimum working fluid depends on the application, working conditions, environmental concerns and waste heat level. However, R245fa is the most common fluid used for ORCs engine waste heat recovery applications since it is the most environment-friendly working fluid. Under transient conditions, performance and power output of ORC systems increase as energy of the heat source and mass flow rate increase. The exhaust energy increases gradually when the engine is running at higher speed and torque. However, the BSFC has higher values at high engine speed and low torque. For applications with high temperature and high power output, turbo-machines are dominant. On the other hand, reciprocating expanders are superior in applications with low temperature and low power output. Efficiencies of turbo-machines are higher than the reciprocating ones. However, turbo-machines are more expensive and suffer from the droplets at the expansion stage when using wet fluids, whereas reciprocating expanders can cope with two-phase expansion. Expander efficiency is usually assumed constant at different operating conditions and different working fluids in most of the ORCs studies. In reality, this efficiency is highly sensitive to the operating conditions and selected working fluid. Radial inflow turbine is preferred over the axial one when applied in applications with low mass flow rates and high expansion ratios such as mobile engines. Axial flow turbines are commonly used in gas turbine power plants. Especially in vehicular applications, heat source temperatures are not constant and uncontrollable. Therefore, it is very crucial to predict the performance of expansion machine at wide range of operating conditions. From the literature review, it was clear that there is aPDF Image | Automotive Radial Turbine Expander Design WHR
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