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57 3.1 Introduction Compared to TC and TEG technologies, ORC is an alternative and more efficient WHR solution that has been used in recent years to gain ground in the automotive industry because of the stricter CO2 emission standards. Many theoretical studies regarding integrated ORC systems in vehicle powertrain present thermal efficiencies between 6% and 15% [117], [220]– [222]. This variation in ORC thermal efficiency mainly depends on the heat sources used in engine operating conditions. Exhaust gases are a source of high-grade heat for extracting energy through a heat exchanger for an ORC system. However, importing any additional device (i.e. the ORC system) in the exhaust system increases the engine backpressure and has an additional cost on fuel consumption. Fitting a heat exchanger in the exhaust manifold results in an increase in backpressure, but compared to the TC technology, this increase is approximately one order of magnitude lower. The amount of both the extracted heat and the exhaust backpressure depends on the ORC configuration and the heat exchanger type [222]–[224]. Engine waste heat can be transferred directly through the evaporator to the ORC loop, but in some studies, an intermediate thermal oil loop between the exhaust gases and the ORC is used [225]. Direct heat transfer from the exhaust gases to the organic fluid is often preferred in transport applications as it increases the heat transfer efficiency and reduces the weight of the WHR system, while the thermal oil loop requires an extra heat exchanger and pump. However, cycles with an intermediate oil loop guarantees steady-state conditions for the ORC operation, while any potential decomposition of the working fluid at high exhaust enthalpy conditions can be avoided [225]. Another drawback of the integration of an ORC system with a vehicle platform is the weight increase. The effect of weight increase on fuel consumption has been investigated in the past, mainly by using vehicle simulation tools [226]–[228]. In the case of a regional delivery truck, a 20% reduction of its weight can lead to a 12% reduction in fuel consumption [228]. A high vehicle weight is a negative performance factor because this results in high vehicle inertial mass. Consequently, both engine load andPDF Image | Automotive Radial Turbine Expander Design WHR
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