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58 fuel consumption during acceleration increase, while the frictional forces are enhanced under all operating conditions. To this end, the installation of an ORC system is expected to constrict the vehicle performance, especially under partial engine load conditions. A recent study showed that the weight of an ORC system that utilises a 200kWth exhausts waste heat of a tractor and presents a theoretical 10%thermal efficiency that can reach approximately 300 Kg [229]. The latter means that an additional 20 kWe is accompanied by a significant increase in vehicle weight mass. This drawback, however, is less important in the case of an off-highway vehicle, as most of the operating time the vehicle may work as a stationary machine (e.g. excavators and cranes). This chapter explores the effects of implementing an ORC WHR system on an off-highway vehicle in terms of ORC efficiency, engine efficiency and powertrain performance. The analysis considers the effect of exhaust backpressure on engine fuel consumption and the potential changes of power-to-weight ratio due to the ORC additional weight. Furthermore, the impact of radial-inflow turbines in both forms, FGT and VGT, on the cycle and engine performance is investigated. The study includes the experimental data of anHDD engine, and a simplified thermodynamic ORC model that operates with various working fluids. A mean-line model (explained in detail in Chapter 5) is employed to model the radial turbine at the optimum operating point. Then, a VGT map is scaled to match the optimum efficiency of the designed expander with the one provided from the map. 3.2 Working Fluid Selection The types of working fluids and the selection criteria of the working fluids have been discussed in Chapter 2. Among the best mentioned fluids, four working fluids are chosen for further screening because they have zero toxicity, low GWP, maximum power output compared to others, and both are inflammable. In addition, they are popular and widely usedin ORC applications. Table 3-1 presents the thermo-physical properties of the selected fluids adopted from [230], and Figure 3-2 presents the T–s diagram.PDF Image | Automotive Radial Turbine Expander Design WHR
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