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67 Figure 3-7: Thermal efficiency at constant and dynamic turbine performance for different working fluids. The novel off-design (explained in Chapter 5) is also integrated to investigate the effect of different turbine input conditions on cycle efficiency. For each working fluid, the geometry is kept fixed and exported to the off- design code linked to the simple ORC model presented in Figure 3-5. The results are presented in Figure 3-8. At constant turbine efficiencies (dotted lines in the figure), the cycle efficiencies are constant as the mass flow rate increases. The inlet conditions of the ORC system are subject to changes because the heat source (exhaust gas) conditions are unstable. Consequently, the assumption of constant turbine efficiency is deceptive. As can be seen in Figure 3-8, the cycle thermal efficiency increases with the working fluid mass flow rates. For R245fa, the cycle thermal efficiency increases from 5.65% to 7.3% (1.65% variation) as the mass flow rate increases from 0.05 Kg/s to 0.3 Kg/s. The maximum variation of R123, NOVEC 649 and R1233zde are 1.52%, 1.43% and 1.5%, respectively. Therefore, the assumption of constant turbine efficiency for different working fluids and various operating condition is highly inaccurate as proved in Figure 3-7andFigure 3-8.PDF Image | Automotive Radial Turbine Expander Design WHR
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