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86 4.1 Introduction A radial-inflow turbine is a work-producing machine that is used in a large range of applications. Radial turbines are differentiated from axial turbines by adapting a significant radius change from the rotor inlet to the rotor outlet [231]. Although axial turbines are more common due to their high efficiencies in large-size applications such as gas turbines, interest on radial turbines as expansion machines in ORC systems is increasingbecause of their ability to operate with low mass flow rates and high-pressure ratios. An extensive comparison between radial and axial turbines is presented in Chapter 2. In conventional radial turbines, air is used as the working medium. Thus, it is assumed to bean ideal gas, either perfect or semi-perfect. This means that the specific heat capacity at constant pressure 𝐶𝑝 is either constant or a function of temperature only. Organic fluids, which are much denser than air, are utilised in ORC turbines. Therefore, real gas equations of state (EoS) should be applied to evaluate the thermodynamic properties of the fluid at each station (fromvolute inlet to rotor exit). This makes the conventional design procedures, where the Mach relationships for ideal gas are applied, inapplicable. Consequently, a novel design procedure is required and this was implemented in this project and described in the present work. An optimisation technique is also integrated to reach the optimum performance of the machine. Importantly, a novel mean-line performance prediction methodology (MOC) is proposed to predict the turbine performance at various cycle operating points at the early stage of the project. The methodology’s overview is briefly presented in Section 4.3.7 and more intensively in Chapter 5. This chapter presents key and basic information onradial-inflow turbines. The method of selecting anappropriate expansion machine and the dimensional analysis are also discussed. In addition, the architecture of a radial-inflow turbine is discussed in detail to be used as reference for the succeeding chapters. The developed design methodology of radial-inflow turbines depends mainly on two groups: flow and loading coefficients and specific speed. These groups are discussed in the next sections.PDF Image | Automotive Radial Turbine Expander Design WHR
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