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87 4.2 Turbine Architecture Figure 4-1 presents the full turbine stage. Radial-inflow turbines consist of three main components: volute, stator vanes and rotor blades. In some applications, a fourth component called diffuser (Figure 1-5) is added to recover the otherwise wasted kinetic energy at the rotor exit and convert it into static pressure. The flow firstly enters the volute and is accelerated due to the reduced cross-section area in the stream-wise direction from 360° at the inlet to nearly 0° at the exit. Moreover, the tangential component of velocity increases before entering the nozzle vanes due to the reduced cross- section area, and flow is distributed evenly around the periphery of the stator inlet. After leaving the volute, the flow enters the stator vane where the fluid is further expanded and turned to enter the rotor blades in the optimum direction with the necessary tangential velocity. Finally, the fluid enters the most critical component of the turbine, which is the rotor, where the fluid is further expanded, converting the kinetic energy of the fluid into shaft power. In the design process, the required outlet conditions should be specified. Therefore, the rotor is responsible for sizing the inlet and outlet of the component to efficiently expand the flow from certain inlet conditions to the required outlet conditions. Figure 4-2 presents a schematic meridional view of the turbine stage, and Figure 4-3 presents the h–s diagram through the turbine stage. Turbine casings can take different forms depending on the application. The cross-sectional area can be either constant, in which the casing is called a collector, or reduced, in which case the casing is called a volute(Figure 4-4). In the former, the flow velocity is very low, and the main aim of the collector is to collect the flow and deliver it to the downstream component without increasing the velocity. Such form is usually used in gas turbine applications. The latter has a spiral shape and is used in turbochargers to introduce some swirl to the flow.PDF Image | Automotive Radial Turbine Expander Design WHR
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