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93 Total to static efficiency 𝜂𝑡𝑠 is a very important performance indicator. It is defined as the ratio between the actual and ideal works of the turbine stage, as expressed byequation (4-1)where the ideal work is limited by the static enthalpy at the exit. In some applications, part of the kinetic energy is lost at the turbine exit. Therefore, a diffuser is used to recover the kinetic energy. This condition is captured by the total to total efficiency 𝜂𝑡𝑡 equation as expressed byequation (4-2). 𝜂𝑡𝑠 = 01 − 05 01 − 5𝑠 𝜂𝑡𝑡 = 01 − 05 01 − 05𝑠 4.3.2 Specific Speed 𝑵𝒔 and Specific Diameter 𝑫𝒔 (4-1) (4-2) The selection of anappropriate expansion machine depends mainly on the operating conditions of the application. However, these two non-dimensional parameters are functions of operating conditions only and can be applied to determine the optimum turbine for a specific application. They also indicate the required rotational speed and diameter of the rotor. The two parameters are related to the volumetric flow rate and the enthalpy drop across the turbine [231]. Their equations are presented in Section 2.3.3. Balje [196]developed a performance chart for different expansion machines (Figure 4-8). For a radial-inflow turbine, 𝑁𝑠 should lie between 30 and 300 (imperial units). Dixon and Hall [197]developed another correlation for turbo machinery devices only. As can be seen in Figure 4-9, 𝑁𝑠 should lie between 0.5 and 0.9 (SI units) to fall within the radial turbine operating range. Watson and Janota [199] correlated turbine efficiency against specific speed and specific diameter, as can be seen in Figure 4-10. Peak efficiencies can be achieved when the specific speed lies in the range of 0.4–0.8 and the specific diameter lies in the range of 2.5–4.PDF Image | Automotive Radial Turbine Expander Design WHR
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