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101 4.3.7 Overview of the Development Methodology In most ORC studies, constant expander efficiency is considered for a wide range of cycle operating conditions and for various working fluids. However, according to the results in Chapter 3, this assumption is not valid because efficiency changes substantially with the changing operating conditions and/or working fluid. One of the contributions of this study is the design of a radial-inflow turbine with a dynamic efficiency that is unique for each set of working fluid properties and at different operating conditions. In addition, an optimisation code (OC) is developed to select optimum values of input parameters.Consequently, the optimum objective function is obtained. ADoE code is also developed to investigate the influence of each input parameter on turbine performance and geometry. Importantly, a meanline off-design code (MOC) was developed. The MOC can assist in investigating the turbine performance at off-design points. This code is crucial due to the unstable operating conditions of heat sources. The open literature still lacks mean- line off-design methodologies to evaluate the off-design conditions of ORC turbines [13], [14]. To achieve the aforementioned aims, an in-house code is constructed at Brunel University London. The in-house code consists of several sub-codes, including DPC, OC, DoE code (DoEC) and MOC. Each sub-code is briefly discussed in the next paragraphs. The code is constructed using MATLAB [236] and explained in detailin Chapter 5. Figure 4-15 presents the flowchart of the proposed methodology from design to testing. DPC aims to produce the main geometrical parameters and solve velocity triangles of radial-inflow turbines based on a set of given input values. However, this code does not consider constraints, such as excessive blade angle, blade heights and flow angles. Therefore, a second code called OC is constructed to optimise the turbine based on a set of constraints. The MATLAB® optimisation ToolboxTM[236]is used to optimise the turbine under design conditions. The third code is DoEC, which is basically a mean-line code that aims at performing a parametric study to investigate the effects of one or more of the input parameters on the performance and geometry of the turbine while all other input parameters are maintained constant. In the next run, thePDF Image | Automotive Radial Turbine Expander Design WHR
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