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105 5.1 Introduction The designer has to run a mean-line analysis and a correlated optimisation technique to begin a convenient design process. An original model for the mean-line design of ORC radial-inflow turbine is developed. This model, which represents one of the main contributions of ORC turbines, can provide a complete preliminary design of the turbine volute, stator and rotor. The operating conditions at the volute inlet (Table 4-1) are specified by the steady-state model of the ORC to begin the mean-line methodology. Therefore, the designed turbine must match the operating conditions of the ORC model. Several well-known preliminary design methodologies are included in the open literature such as[231], [233], [237]–[239]. However, these conventional methodologies use ideal gas as the working fluid, resulting in non-optimum turbine design when real gases, such as organic fluids, are used. These methodologies also require some known parameters, such as flow angles and radii, which have a non-negligible effect on the efficiency of the design. Lastly, such methodologies require a certain level of previous empirical knowledge [240]. The current work is concentrated on the development of a design process of a full radial-inflow turbine stage based on certain input parameters. These parameters are optimised using an optimisation technique integrated in the in-house code. In the optimisation algorithm (next section), the input parameters are considered and optimised as design variables to result in the optimum solution of the objective function. In a subsequent step, the optimised design variables are used as input parameters in the design code to estimate the performance and geometry of the turbine at the design point. Well-established models developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (RefProP) [230]are integrated in the design procedure to account for the real gas properties. When the optimum design is achieved based on the optimisation algorithm, a further investigation of the design variables is achieved using the DoEC. The DoEC is used to investigate the impact of each single input parameter on the whole design process while the other input parameters are kept constant. However, thePDF Image | Automotive Radial Turbine Expander Design WHR
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