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146 Therotor loss model is implementedto validate the initial assumption of the total to static efficiencyππ‘π . Different loss models in the radial inflow are proposed [231], [233], [235], [237], [238]. Most of these models are developed from the measurements and results in large-scale turbines and with ideal gas as the working fluid. The achieved turbine power output in turbo- machinery decreases with the overall size of the turbine [242]. Moreover, reducing the turbine size will result in high rotational speeds and low efficiency due to the increased aerodynamic losses.Suhrmann[242] stated that no size effect is usually implemented in known empirical loss models in the literature. Thus, they investigated the capability of the available losses in the literature to predict the flow in small-size turbines using full 3D CFD. The results of their study are mentioned in the relevant sections in the breakdown of losses. The majority of losses in the turbine stage occurred in the rotor. The loss model of the rotor is based on a well-established model outlined in [242], [257]. Five main losses, namely, incidence, passage, tip clearance, windage and exit energy, are included in the present model. Subsequently, rotor loss is calculated as the sum of the total losses of the rotor, as shown inequation(β5-79). βππππ π ,πππ‘ππ = βππππππππππ + βππππ π πππ + βππ‘ππ + βππ€ππππππ + βπππ₯ππ‘ (β5-79) ο· Incidence Loss Incidence loss results from the loading of a blade, which causes the fluid to enter the rotor at an angle that differs from the optimum one. Equation(β5-80) presents the incidence loss used in this work. βπ = 1 [π sin π½ β π½ ]π (β5-80) πππππππππ 2 4 4 4,πππ‘ The optimal relative flow angle π½4,πππ‘ is determined by the empirical correlation by [233], as shown in equation (β5-81). π is 2 for negative incidence and 3 for positive incidence [257].PDF Image | Automotive Radial Turbine Expander Design WHR
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