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168 6.1 Introduction Although mean-line is a useful tool for full optimisation purposes, a 3D analysis is required. Thus, 3D simulations are needed. Mean-line modelling is yet incapable of capturing the flow behaviour, such as flow separation and shock waves. CFD is essential when the 3D nature of flow is used to restrict undesirable featuresbecauseflow in turbo-machines is strongly 3D, viscous and turbulent. CFD, which is a discipline of fluid mechanics, is the use of numerical mathematical and physical techniques to visualise the flows of fluid within a system. When set properly, CFD is a powerful tool to investigate the flow phenomena within the turbine,thereby avoiding the need forprototype manufacturing and reducing time and cost. CFD is widely used in the application of radial inflow turbines to predict the performance and to study the flow nature within the stage. When organic fluids (non-ideal gases) are adapted, certain complexities, such as supersonic conditions, arise at the stator exit. Therefore, applying CFD techniques in ORC turbines has received a great attention recently. Colonna et al. [272] developed an in-house Euler solver to perform complete CFD simulations for supersonic turbines. They mainly focused on the effects of the different EOS for real gases. The results showed a significant deviation if the ideal gas EOS is applied, while the Span-Wagner or Peng-Robinson- Stryjek-Vera equations were very similar. Harinck et al. [273] performed a complete steady state simulation for their supersonic radial inflow turbine using ANSYS CFX. The property tables were generated using REFPROP. Their results showed that the improved stator model was able to deliver the required tangential velocity components with a Mach number value as high as 2.85. Uusitalo et al.[274]simulated a high supersonic small scale ORC turbine stator where a real gas model was implemented in a CFD solver using both the 𝑘 − 𝜀 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 − 𝜔 𝑆𝑇𝑇 turbulence models. The results showed that the Mach number at the stator exit was 2.27 for 𝑘 − 𝜀 solver and 2.31 for 𝑘 − 𝜔 𝑆𝑇𝑇.More recently, White [13] performed a full CFD analysis using ANSYS CFX as a validation for his mean-line model of the ORC radial turbine. The agreement between the mean-line and CFD was very good with a deviation of 0.3% in the total to static efficiency. He also validated hisPDF Image | Automotive Radial Turbine Expander Design WHR
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