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197 7.1 Introduction The application of ORCs as WHR systems in ICEs is still under an early stage of development. Therefore, examining such applications experimentally with real engines is of great importance in the field. Several recent studies have investigated ORC technology and show promise in solar systems [292]–[296], biomass [297]–[302] and geothermal applications [156], [216], [303], [304]. In recent years, studies that concentrate on ICE applications have increased.Guillaume et al.[192] used the exhaust gases of a truck diesel engine as the heat source for their ORC system. They used a radial-inflow turbine as the expansion machine and two working fluids, namely, R245fa and R1233zd. However, the turbine used was developed mainly using components modified from truck turbocharger designs. In addition, the heat wasted by the truck through the exhaust gases was simulated using an electric oil boiler coupled to the ORC loop. The maximum electric power and turbine efficiency were 2.8 kW (using R245fa) and 32% (using R1233zd), respectively. Yang et al.[305] presented a thermo-economic model of a dual-loop ORC system using the performance map of a six-cylinder CNG engine. The thermal efficiency of the dual-loop ORC system is in the range of 8.97%–10.19% over the entire operating range. Furukawaet al. [306] conducted an experimental test on the ORC used to recover the heat of the engine coolant usinghydro-fluoro-ether as the working fluid. The fuel consumption decreased by 7.5%. Other similarlypromising experimental works on ORC systems in ICEs in the academic sector are found in [307]–[310]. In the industry sector, a recent study was published through cooperation among AVL, FPT and Iveco [311]. The exhaust gas of a four-stroke diesel engine was used as the heat source of the ORC system, and tests were conducted on public roads. An axial piston expander was selected as the expansion machine. The results showed that fuel consumption could be reduced by 2.5%–3.4%. Honda [312], [313] installed an ORC system on a hybrid vehicle that runs at constant speed, and the thermal efficiency increased by 13.2% compared to the base vehicle. The brief literature survey in the previous paragraph indicates that these investigations were either performed using simulated engine data (academicPDF Image | Automotive Radial Turbine Expander Design WHR
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