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215 7.4.2.2 Turbine Performance The turbine performance is investigated at different speed and mass flow rate conditions and at constant heat source temperature. For the evaluation of the efficiency of the turbo-expander, the isentropic total-to-total efficiency definition is applied, as shown in equation (7-1). The heat source temperature is maintained constant, whereas the mass flow is increased to control the pressure ratio through the expander for each speed line. The turbine is directly coupled to the generator. Therefore, the turbo- generator speed can be controlled by the user. Two speed lines are selected, namely, 15,000 and 20,000 rpm. Each single value of the pressure ratio is taken as the average value for approximately 3 minutes of testing. Figure 7-18 shows that both speed lines have the same trend,that is, the efficiency increases until its peak is reached, and then decreases as the pressure ratio increases. This decrease is expected in radial turbines due to the choked flow at high pressure ratios as can been seen inFigure 5-22. At PR ≥ 4.2, the flow becomes supersonic at the nozzle exit which results in choking condition for any further increase in the pressure ratio. In case of choking, total losses especially the incidence and frictional losses increase. The choking condition results also in raising the flow velocity in the rotor much more than that in the nozzle. The latter phenomenon results in shock waves in the radial gap between the stator exit and rotor inlet. The aforementioned problems arising from the flow choking result in lower turbine efficiency as the pressure ratio exceeds the choked value. With 20,000 rpm speed, the efficiency increases with the pressure ratio until its peak of 35.2% is reached at a pressure ratio of 4.6 before it decreases to 30% at 5.9 pressure ratio. At 15,000 rpm, the isentropic efficiency varies from 10%, reaching its peak of 27.3% at 3.5 pressure ratio to 14% at a pressure ratio of 5.5. The cumulated measurement uncertainty is nearly constant for each speed line. For the 20,000 rpm, the uncertainty measurement is 1.5%, while it is approximately3% for the 15,000 rpm.PDF Image | Automotive Radial Turbine Expander Design WHR
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