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Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 2038 12 of 16 Table 6. Comparison of total-to-static efficiency and mass flow rate under the design condition. Assessment Methods Preliminary Experiment Computational Flow Dynamics (CFD) Efficiency [%] T-100 T-100re Mass Flow Rate [kg/s] 86.4 87.4 86.4 - 87.4 88.3 0.33 0.33 0.333 * - 0.328 *: It is calculated out to the design condition according to the measured mass flow rate of the modeling test. T-100 T-100re 0.327 Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 17 90 88 86 84 82 80 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 Velocity Ratio [-] T-100 CFD T-100re CFD T-100 Experiment Figure 11. Comparison of total-to-static efficiency. Figure 11. Comparison of total-to-static efficiency. It is to be noted that the experimental data of radial inflow turbines is scarce in public literature and At the preliminary design stage, the T-100re turbine has a smaller inlet radius of 54.1 mm and a there is only a few pieces of data that can be selected to verify the proposed approach. In Reference [27], higher total-to-static efficiency of 87.4% as compared with the T-100 turbine, which means lighter no efficiency uncertainty is provided, and there is only the uncertainty of flow parameter mentioned, weight and improved performance design is achieved. It can be seen that optimization conducted at which was measured by an ASME standard inlet orifice, accurate to ±2%. In addition, the accuracy of the preliminary design stage is not only easy and low cost but also efficient. Some key parameters power was checked through the compressor flow and temperature rise, and the power difference was like blade number, rotor inlet diameter, and blade height, which are difficult to handle in 3D generally within two percent of the power calculated from the turbine side. The reason shown in that numerical optimization, can be easily treated in the mean line design optimization. paper was bearing and windage losses as well as measurement errors. Figure 12 shows the comparison of Mach number contour between T-100 turbine and T-100re As a whole, the T-100re results are higher than those of the T-100 under most conditions, which turbine at the mid-span section under design condition. At the outlet of the nozzle, the Mach number demonstrates the effectiveness of the present automated preliminary design approach as well as the of T-100 turbine is lower than that of the T-100re turbine, while it is adverse at the outlet of the rotor. advantage of the T-100re turbine. It is indicated that the enthalpy drop of T-100re turbine in the nozzle and the rotor is redistributed At the preliminary design stage, the T-100re turbine has a smaller inlet radius of 54.1 mm and well, and the range of the lower Mach number in the rotor passage is reduced because of its higher a higher total-to-static efficiency of 87.4% as compared with the T-100 turbine, which means lighter rotational speed and reasonable rotor geometry. In addition, the absolute outlet velocity of T-100re weight and improved performance design is achieved. It can be seen that optimization conducted at turbine is 216.38 m/s, lower than that of T-100 turbine, 185.14m/s; thus, the total-to-static efficiency of the preliminary design stage is not only easy and low cost but also efficient. Some key parameters like the turbine is improved. blade number, rotor inlet diameter, and blade height, which are difficult to handle in 3D numerical optimization, can be easily treated in the mean line design optimization. Figure 12 shows the comparison of Mach number contour between T-100 turbine and T-100re turbine at the mid-span section under design condition. At the outlet of the nozzle, the Mach number of T-100 turbine is lower than that of the T-100re turbine, while it is adverse at the outlet of the rotor. It is indicated that the enthalpy drop of T-100re turbine in the nozzle and the rotor is redistributed well, and the range of the lower Mach number in the rotor passage is reduced because of its higher rotational speed and reasonable rotor geometry. In addition, the absolute outlet velocity of T-100re Total-to-static Efficiency [%]PDF Image | Design and Optimization Approach for Radial Inflow Turbines
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