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where: - u is the Peripheral velocity, - ct is the Tangential component of the absolute velocity, - 1 is the Inlet section of the turbine, - 2 is the Outlet section of the turbine. Figure 1: Radial outflow turbine As a result of Equation (1) in order to maximize the specific work of a single stage, the first term should be significantly higher than the second: assuming that in a turbine Ct1 must be much bigger than Ct2, the highest specific work of a single stage is thus achieved by the radial inflow configuration, which has intrinsically a higher peripheral velocity at the inlet and a lower one at the outlet. The radial outflow configuration has instead a low specific work per stage due to the increase of the peripheral velocity while expanding the vapor (U1 < U2). Furthermore, from thermodynamics it is known that the expansion of fluids with low molecular weight, like water, at operative conditions which are typical for power production, is characterized by high enthalpy drops, high volumetric flows and high volumetric ratios (Poling et al., 2000). Thus, the choice of the radial outflow turbine with water steam faces a serious limit: a significant number of stages is mandatory to convert the enthalpy drop of the fluid into mechanical energy. Owing to this reason, Ljungstrom developed his counter rotating radial outflow turbine configuration, in order to reduce the number of the turbine stages by increasing their specific work. Moreover, due to the remarkable volumetric flow and its ratio between the inlet and outlet section (considerable for steam), the turbine blades would necessarily have a large height even for small power output turbines. Thus, for the very large diameter disk necessary to accommodate all the required stages and for the too long blades, the radial outflow turbine configuration demonstrated severe limitations while processing steam and was therefore deemed not suitable. These issues led to no significant development of such type of turbine, which was phased out for steam applications by axial turbines. At the operative conditions typical for ORC, fluids with high molecular weight lead to significantly lower enthalpy drops, volumetric flows and volumetric ratios than steam (Poling et al., 2000): this made possible for Exergy to reconsider the radial outflow turbine configuration for this application in binary power plants, as the intrinsic limits of this type of technology are no longer relevant. If compared to traditional organic fluid turbines, meaning overhung axial turbines, Exergy overhung radial outflow turbine demonstrates several mechanical and fluid-dynamic differences hereby summarized. Paper ID: 118, Page 2 3rd International Seminar on ORC Power Systems, October 12-14, 2015, Brussels, BelgiumPDF Image | FLUID-DYNAMICS OF THE ORC RADIAL OUTFLOW TURBINE
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