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2.1. Mechanical analysis Axial turbines are characterized by having only one stage mounted on each single disk (in this paper called single-disk / single stage configuration). This arrangement in overhung axial turbines limits the number of stages, for rotordynamics reasons, to up to 3 stages. The radial outflow turbine allows instead to have several stages arranged on the same disk (see Figure 1 ). The single-disk / multi stage configuration has thus the advantage of minimizing vibrations and static and dynamic loads on the bearings, due to the reduced distance between bearings and the turbine center of gravity. This makes possible to decrease the maintenance and to extend the useful life of the rotating components (see Figure 2). Figure 2: Vibrations during start up. Reference Value from ISO 10816-3 (From Frassinetti et al., 2013) Finally, being the peripheral velocity constant along the blade span, velocity triangles at hub and tip do not change and the blades are prismatic instead of twisted. 2.2. Fluid-dynamic analysis Having a cross section increasing proportionally to the radius, during the expansion the radial outflow turbine matches the volumetric flow behavior better than the axial turbines, which usually require high flaring angles. This means that it is possible to have lower blades at the last stage, leading to evident mechanical advantages, and higher blades at the first stages, thus reducing the endwall and leakage losses (for instance Sieverding, 1985 - Sharma and Butler, 1987 or Duden et al, 1999). For these reasons, as initial stages have a better aspect ratio, they do not need partial admission, avoiding additional losses related to this aspect (Suter and Traupel, 1959 – Horlock, 1966). As a consequence, the possibility to manage higher volumetric flow ratio allows to have a higher pressure at turbine inlet while keeping the same condensing pressure, therefore giving the opportunity to increase the thermodynamic cycle efficiency. Finally, as the enthalpy drop of the fluid is divided on several stages for the single-disk / multi stage configuration, the radial outflow turbine is characterized by a better recovery factor (Horlock, 1966 - Dixon, 1998 - Lakshminarayana, 1986 or Moustapha et al., 2003) and by lower stage work coefficients. This results in a subsonic or at most transonic expansion (in spite of the low speed of sound of organic fluids), instead of supersonic one typical of the other configuration and in a higher fluid-dynamic efficiency both in nominal and off-design conditions. Paper ID: 118, Page 3 3rd International Seminar on ORC Power Systems, October 12-14, 2015, Brussels, BelgiumPDF Image | FLUID-DYNAMICS OF THE ORC RADIAL OUTFLOW TURBINE
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