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Table 2: Grids used in the grid dependency study. Number of cells are presented in pitch- wise, radial and spanwise directions, respectively. Type 2D 2D 2D Cells y+ r Type ave,max 33x77x1 0.6 1.4 3D 48x112x1 0.6 1.5 3D 66x176x1 0.6 - 3D Cells 48x124x8 48x124x16 48x124x32 y+ r ave,max 3.4 1.3 3.4 1.3 3.7 - remains very similar between the two grids. This leads to the conclusion that the medium grid gives reasonably grid-independent results and it is chosen to be the basis for the 3D grid gener- ation. Figure 2 (b) shows that the number of spanwise cells has a small influence on the total pressure loss coefficient. Although not shown here, the isentropic Mach number distribution at the midspan is slightly less affected by the grid modification than with the 2D grids. As a result, the most dense grid was chosen to be the basis for simulations with different aspect ratios, even though, the medium 3D grid could also provide acceptable results. 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Blade surface coordinate [−] 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 Number of cells [−] 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 Number of cells [−] Coarse Medium Dense (a) (b) (c) Figure 2: Effect of grid density on total mixed out loss coefficient and discretisation error in 2D grids (a), 3D grids (b) and (c) on 2D isentropic Mach number distribution. RESULTS Loss Generation With Different Aspect Ratios The influence of the aspect ratio on the predicted primary and secondary losses is presented in Fig. 3 (a). Overall, the trends of primary losses have similar shapes and show a slightly decreasing trend with a decreasing aspect ratio. In the area of ultra-low aspect ratios h/c < 1, the primary losses are predicted to have a gradually decreasing trend by both models, whereas the secondary losses exhibit the opposite trend. Overall, both models support the previous understanding that the secondary losses are responsible for the rapid loss increase in ultra-low aspect ratio turbines. The secondary loss trend predicted by the CFD simulations at ultra low aspect ratios is slightly steeper than the 1D model predicts, however, more geometries should be studied to be able to generalise. The main reason for the observed differences between primary loss predictions is that the 1D model does not include trailing edge losses as part of the primary losses, as the CFD model 6 Loss coefficient [−] Loss coefficient [−] Isentropic Mach number [−]PDF Image | LOSS GENERATION IN RADIAL OUTFLOW STEAM TURBINE CASCADES
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