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turning due to end-wall cross-flow and the underturning due to secondary vortices are present with the h/c = 1.58 and also still with h/c = 0.79. However, when the secondary structures begin to merge, the typical spanwise flow angle distribution no longer shows the underturning, although the effect of cross-flow is still visible. The mixing of hub and shroud side secondary structures is also predicted to lead to a more uniform flow angle distribution, which can be beneficial for the downstream blade row even though the losses after the stator are higher. (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 4: Contours of the total pressure loss coefficient (left) and vorticity magnitude (right) at the cascade outlet (plane 2) with AR=0.26 (a-b) and AR=0.79 (c-d). Influence of Incidence The effect of incidence on the development of primary and secondary losses is presented in Fig. 5 (a). The basic design with AR=0.26 is used in these simulations, and in the calculation of primary losses it is assumed that Yprim=Ymid with all incidences. This assumption also explains why the losses in Fig. 3 (a) differ from Fig. 5 (a). A small CFD underprediction of primary loss change is found with negative incidence and overprediction at positive incidence, predicting a greater increase in losses at positive incidence. In comparison, a slight underprediction was found by Persico et al. (2013) when comparing their 2D CFD with the prediction of the method by Craig and Cox (1971) for incidence changes of ±20 degrees. The secondary losses are predicted to increase with incidence and are connected to stronger vorticity, as shown in Figs. 6 (c) and (d). The influence of incidence is clearly visible in the front part of the blade in Fig. 5 (b), as presented also by Persico et al. (2013). A negative incidence leads to lower loading on the first 30 per cent of the blade surface mainly due to changes on the suction side, whereas a positive incidence increases loading. When the effect of 3D phenomena is evaluated at the midspan in Fig. 5 (c), it can be seen that these effects do not have a great influence on the front part of the 8PDF Image | LOSS GENERATION IN RADIAL OUTFLOW STEAM TURBINE CASCADES
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