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(b) on the absolute flow angle distribution, which can be considered positive for the following stator/rotor blade in a real turbine and supports the expected good off-design behaviour of the ROT. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that for the examined radial outflow blade cascade, the secondary losses exhibit a similar rapidly increasing trend as the one-dimensional axial turbine secondary loss prediction method predicts at an ultra-low aspect ratio region with a steeper increase. The pas- sage vortex merging at the trailing edge is predicted numerically to occur at slightly higher aspect ratios than the one-dimensional method predicts. The noticed secondary structure merg- ing process leads to an excessive increase in secondary losses and is also responsible for the increase in total mixed out losses. When including the trailing edge losses in both models, the CFD simulations underpredict the losses compared to the axial turbine loss correlation, which qualitatively supports the previous results. In off-design conditions, the position of secondary structures was affected together with the associated loss cores. The change in the vorticity magnitude was also realised as increased secondary losses. However, the absolute flow angle after the blade was only slightly affected by the change of incidence. This finding supports the expected good off-design behaviour of the radial outflow turbine. Overall, the primary losses were slightly under or over predicted by the numerical ROT model compared to the axial turbine off-design loss correlation. In the future, more research should be conducted to understand the secondary structures’ merging process better. In addition, the current results should be experimentally verified in the future. Also the possibility to expand the stationary results into rotational frame from should be examined more. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work has been carried out in the framework of Herge project funded by Tekes - the Finnish Funding Agency for Innovation and the radial outflow cascade test rig investment project funded by Lappeenranta University Technology. REFERENCES Benner, M. W., Sjolander, S. A. & Moustapha, S. H. (1997), ‘Influence of Leading-Edge Ge- ometry on Profile Losses in Turbines at Off-Design Incidence: Experimental Results and an Improved Correlation’, Journal of Turbomachinery 119, 193–200. Benner, M. W., Sjolander, S. A. & Moustapha, S. H. (2006a), ‘An Empirical Prediction Method for Secondary Losses in Turbines-Part I: A New Loss Breakdown Scheme and Penetration Depth Correlation’, Journal of Turbomachinery 128, 273–280. Benner, M. W., Sjolander, S. A. & Moustapha, S. H. (2006b), ‘An Empirical Prediction Method for Secondary Losses in Turbines-Part II: A New Secondary Loss Correlation’, Journal of Turbomachinery 128, 281–291. Casati, E., Vitale, S., Pini, M., Persico, G. & Colonna, P. (2014), ‘Centrifugal Turbines for Mini-Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems’, Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 136, 122607. Celik, I., Ghia, U., Roache, P., Freitas, C., Coleman, H. & Raad, P. (2008), ‘Procedure for Esti- mation and Reporting of Uncertainty Due to Discretization in CFD Applications’, Journal of Fluids Engineering 130, 078001. 10PDF Image | LOSS GENERATION IN RADIAL OUTFLOW STEAM TURBINE CASCADES
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