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CHAPTER 3 Turbochargers, with focus on the turbine Turbochargers can be used in many different applications, but they are all based on the same principle. A turbocharger has four principal components, a compressor, a turbine, a shaft and bearings. The turbine part utilities the energy from the hot gas that flows through the turbine and drives a compressor which will increase the density of the gas. The bearings support the shaft, and shaft seals are also required to separate the compressed air and the exhaust gases from the bearing lubrication system. Turbochargers can be found on different types of internal combustion (IC) engines, from small four-stroke au- tomotive engines to large two-stroke marine diesel engines. For small internal combustion engines, radial turbines are the most common type. Axial turbines are used for large IC engines in marine and power generation applications. The rotational speed of the turbine is normally limited by the requirements of the compressor and the maximum radius for a given rotational speed is limited by structural reasons. This means, for turbines that normally are used for small IC engines, that the radius of the turbine wheel must be small. For small axial turbines, this gives an unfavourable aspect ratio which will give rise to sec- ondary flows and tip leakages which will result in poor efficiency. Since axial turbines also are complicated and more expensive compared with radial tur- bines, the most common type of turbines for small IC engines is the radial type. Radial turbines can also deliver a larger specific power than an equivalent axial turbine. For small engines, like those used for passenger car, the pressure ratio over the compressor is about 2 and the speed can range up to about 300 000 rpm. 3.1. Performance parameters The fundamental parameters for turbines that define the performance are the mass flow, the pressure ratio, the rotational speed, the efficiency and the power output. The most important quantity for the turbine is the shaft power, PS, which is defined here as PS =T ̄Shaft·ω ̄ (3.1) 9PDF Image | Numerical computations of the unsteady flow in a radial turbine
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