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14 3. TURBOCHARGERS, WITH FOCUS ON THE TURBINE to use a variable turbine (VT). This can be done in two ways; one is to change the geometry of the volute (Variable Geometry Turbine, VGT) and the other approach is to use a variable nozzle (Variable Nozzle Turbine, VNT). Until recently, VNT have only been used for small and medium sized diesel engines, since a variable turbine can be used to get the correct pressure ratio between the air inlet system and the exhaust system to enable the use of an Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) system. EGR is a key technology to reduce the NOx- emissions of a diesel engine. For SI engines, the high exhaust temperature has limited variable turbines so far due to thermal expansion and durability, but at later years, variable turbines are also available for SI engines. There are different mechanical designs to change the geometry of the volute. One is to use a moveable sidewall of the volute to change the geometry of the volute, see for example Chapple et al. (1980). Since this mechanical solution has some problems there are very few or no radial turbines based on this design avail- able for automotive applications on the market. Other ways of changing the geometry is to use a flap valve at the tongue of the turbine, which will control the swallowing capacity of the turbine. A flap valve can also be used to direct the flow to either an outer larger scroll or to an inner smaller scroll as shown in Figure 3.3. Figure 3.3. A Variable Geometry Turbine concept, from An- dersen et al. (2006). Another way to extend the operation range is to change the geometry of the nozzle. A moveable wall can be used to change the area of the nozzle. Rogo et al. (1986) investigated several moveable wall variations for a turbine with nozzles and concluded that a moveable sidewall is a viable design. The drawback with this design is that the moveable wall introduces losses due to leakage at the movable wall. The nozzle area can also be changed by pivoting the vanes in the nozzle, see Figure 3.4. The VNT turbine investigated by Capobianco & Gambarotta (1992) was of this type, and the comparison of the non-pulsatile performance for a VNT and a VGT turbine showed that the peakPDF Image | Numerical computations of the unsteady flow in a radial turbine
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