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3.2. THE STATOR 15 Figure 3.4. The variable vanes in nozzle for Variable Nozzle Turbine, from Andersen et al. (2006). efficiency was lower for VT compared to a fixed turbine. This is most likely due to losses that the variable geometry systems induce due to leakage, wake losses behind the guiding vanes, separation, shocks and incidence losses, according to Capobianco & Gambarotta (1992) and Fukaya et al. (2000). But, the VT showed better efficiency over a wider range, and of the two tested variable turbines, the VNT had the best efficiency. Andersen et al. (2006) investigated the performance of five different VNT and one VGT with the approximately same swallowing capacity, and they concluded that the VGT turbine is the most suitable variable turbine type for spark ignition engines. Some of the VNT had better efficiency at lower mass flow rates, but the VGT turbine had the best performance at high mass flow rates. They also investigated the cold start emissions for all the tested variable turbines, and they concluded that a VT most likely requires better exhaust after-treatment system than a fixed single scroll turbine. The reason for the poor cold start emissions is the larger mass and heat-transfer area. Due to lower efficiency at low mass flow rates compared to a fixed geometry turbine, an IC engine with a VT will have larger pump losses at low engine rotational speeds, but this is compensated by the higher boost pressure that can be achieved by a VT at low engine rotational speeds. A VT will also give better transient performance of the engine. The turbocharger lag can also be decreased with VT which has been shown by Filipi et al. (2001). Despite the many advantages with variable turbines, the most common type used on IC engines for passenger cars is the nozzle-less single-entry waste- gated radial turbine due to the robust design and the relative low cost.PDF Image | Numerical computations of the unsteady flow in a radial turbine
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