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6.1. FUTURE WORK 57 • The turbine cannot be treated as being quasi-stationary when working in pulsatile flow, due to inertia of the system, detached flow during the acceleration phase and a non-constant phase shift between the pressure, mass flow and shaft power. The deviation from the quasi-stationary approach increases with increasing pulsation frequency. These factors affect the accuracy of the results from 1-D models that are based on turbine maps that are measured under steady-state flow conditions. • For the two cases with the same mass flow amplitude, but different frequencies of the pulsations, the peak shaft power is 4 % lower for the case with the highest frequency. This is due to an unfavourable incidence angle of the flow into the wheel, since the velocity in the volute is higher for this case depending on a lower pressure ratio over the turbine and larger phase-shift between the pressure and mass flow. During the deceleration phase, the incidence angle is more favourable for the case with higher frequency, resulting in a temporary higher power output. • The incidence angle of the flow into the wheel has large variation during the pulse which affects the efficiency of the turbine. A deviation from the optimal angle results in strong tip vortex at the leading edge of the blade, which detaches and is convected downstream and affecting the axial velocity in between the blades. To investigate the effects on the turbine performance due to secondary flow structures created in manifold upstream of the turbine, computations with dif- ferent types of perturbations at the inflow to the turbine have been carried out. The results show that both small and large scale perturbations at the inlet to the turbine affect the shaft power. The undisturbed inlet profile gives the best power output from the turbine while a case with strong swirl in combination with 3-dimensional turbulent perturbations gives the largest loss in the shaft power output. The deterioration of the performance is due to large scale struc- tures created in the volute, which then result in unfavourable inlet conditions into the wheel. Another interesting result is that the case with the highest shaft power and the largest pressure ratio has the lowest absolute pressure at the turbine inlet, which is beneficial, since it decreases the pump-losses of the internal combustion engine. 6.1. Future work The work related to the turbine so far has been limited to a single case on a single grid resolution. For assessing the quality of the results one has to repeat the computations also on refined grid. One would like to improve the resolution of the tip area as well as the near wall regions. One may expect that the lack of near wall resolution on the blade may lead to under-estimationPDF Image | Numerical computations of the unsteady flow in a radial turbine
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