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Energies 2020, 13, 2118 2 of 18 The radial outflow turbine can be used to simultaneously make up for the disadvantages of the axial turbine and the radial inflow turbine [2,3]. Figure 1 shows the typical structure of a radial outflow turbine [8]. In the turbine, the working fluid flows in the axial direction and then expands in the radial direction. Figure 1. Typical structure of a radial outflow turbine (Adapted from [8]). The radial outflow turbine has the following advantages [5,9]. First, the turbine can have a constant height because the flow area also rises with radius during expansion of the working fluid. Second, as there is no change in velocity triangle between the hub and tip, the blades do not have to be twisted. Lastly, there is no restriction on pressure ratio, because the multi-stage configuration is easy. As such, radial outflow turbines can respond well to both fabrication and versatility for operating conditions at the same time. Therefore, studies on radial outflow turbines are being conducted gradually. Persico et al. [10] studied a design technique of a radial outflow turbine for a 1 MW organic Rankine cycle. The study found that the intrinsic diverging form of the radial outflow configuration makes the blade design difficult. Pini et al. [11] designed radial outflow turbines consisting of three stages and six stages, respectively. The six stages operated at subsonic or weak supersonic conditions, and the preliminary design and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results showed good agreement. On the other hand, the three stages operating at supersonic conditions had a deviation between the preliminary design and CFD results. Casati et al. [12] studied radial outflow turbines for a 10 kW organic Rankine cycle. The study showed that radial outflow turbines are suitable as efficient expanders in mini-organic Rankine cycles. Persico et al. [13] analyzed the flow patterns seen in the stator and rotor of radial outflow turbines. Persico et al. [14,15] presented optimization techniques of the blade shape for radial outflow turbines. The optimization technique was developed in-house and showed that it is useful for improving blade shape. Luo et al. [9] designed a radial outflow turbine for a supercritical carbon dioxide cycle. The turbine was optimized to meet the design requirements. Luo et al. [16] studied a three-stage radial outflow turbine with reference to the design conditions of a four-stage axial turbine. The study showed that the performance of the radial outflow turbine under design conditions was almost identical to that of the axial turbine. Song et al. [17] designed and optimized the radial outflow turbines using R123 from one stage to three stages, respectively. The study showed that optimized turbines have similar power and efficiency between preliminary design and CFD results. Wang et al. [5] presented guide vane and volute design techniques for radial outflow turbines. In the study, the performance of the turbine was not significantly different according to the type of volute, but the pear-shaped volute showed slightly higher performance than the others. Wang et al. [18] and Liu et al. [19] studied single-stage transonic turbines for organic Rankine cycles. The studies suggested alternatives to multi-stage turbines in response to cycles requiring high pressure ratios. Al Jubori et al. [20] studied an axial turbine and a radial outflow turbine for the organic Rankine cycle. The performance of each turbine was compared through CFD, but the difference was insignificant. Maksiuta et al. [21] presented a unique preliminary design technique for multi-stage radial outflowPDF Image | Off-Design Analysis of a Radial Outflow Turbine for ORC
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