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Energies 2020, 13, 2118 16 of 18 pressure side, and the net force in this area acts in the opposite direction of the rotational direction. As the operating conditions approach the C point, the rotor inlet flow is progressively directed to the suction side, which leads to an improper pressure distribution. Accordingly, a sharp decrease in the total-to-static efficiency occurs between A and C points. Figure 17. Blade loading chart according to the radius of rotor blade (A point and C point). 7. Conclusions In this study, a preliminary design algorithm for ORC radial outflow turbines was presented. This algorithm uses models of axial turbines due to the absence of enthalpy loss models and deviation angle models for radial outflow turbines. As a result of evaluating the algorithm through CFD, the algorithm showed an accuracy of about 95% based on the turbine power. That is, it was realized that models derived from the axial turbine are also effective in the preliminary design of the radial outflow turbine. Due to the high accuracy of the algorithm developed in this study, the designed turbine could satisfy the target power (400.0 kW) and total-to-static efficiency (85.0%) by fine-tuning the blade angle of the nozzle exit. In addition, the off-design performance for various operation conditions was examined in this study. Through off-design analysis, it is considered that the appropriate ranges of velocity ratio, loading coefficient, and flow coefficient that can expect high efficiency in a radial outflow turbine are 0.57–0.70, 0.85–1.30, and 0.34–0.41, respectively. The findings of this study are expected to be a useful reference in the design of radial outflow turbines for organic Rankine cycles. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, J.S.K. and D.Y.K.; methodology, J.S.K. and D.Y.K.; software, J.S.K. and D.Y.K.; validation, J.S.K.; formal analysis, J.S.K. and D.Y.K.; investigation, J.S.K. and D.Y.K.; resources, D.Y.K.; data curation, J.S.K.; writing—original draft preparation, J.S.K.; writing—review and editing, D.Y.K.; visualization, J.S.K. and D.Y.K.; supervision, D.Y.K.; project administration, D.Y.K.; funding acquisition, D.Y.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research received no external funding. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.PDF Image | Off-Design Analysis of a Radial Outflow Turbine for ORC
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