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expanders show lower peak efficiencies than turboexpanders, but work well through a range of operating conditions. As concluded by Badr et el. [26], PD expanders are best suited for small waste heat systems. Isentropic efficiencies are not available for all expanders mentioned in Table 2-2 as many are proprietary designs. However, Table 2-3 gives some experimental efficiencies of PD machines from previous studies. Table 2-3: Example efficiencies of some PD machines. Study Tahir et el. [28] Badr et el. [29] Ng et el. [30] Badr et el. [29] Mathias/Johnston et el. [24,31] Mathias/Johnston et el. [24,31] Lemort et el. [32] Expander Type Rotary Multi-Vane Rotary Multi-Vane Screw Screw Gerotor Scroll Scroll Isentropic Efficiency (%) 43.1-48 73 73-85 70 45-85 50-83 68 Early ORC systems utilized modified large scale refrigeration compressors running in reverse flow to function as an expander. For example, Pratt and Whitney’s PureCycle® is based off the Carrier Corp 19XR centrifugal chiller compressor working in reverse [33]. The compressors, benefitting from decades of research by the refrigeration industry, were technologically advanced and exhibited high efficiencies. Along with the benefits of advanced technology, Pratt and Whitney could rely on Carrier’s existing supply chain. The leap from a chiller system to an ORC for power generation required little technical and business development. For these reasons, large scale modified refrigeration compressor based systems were first to market. Now that large scale ORC 11PDF Image | ORC WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEM WITH A TESLA-HYBRID TURBINE
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