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WAVE ROTOR MACHINES Wave rotor machinery represents a promising technology that can enhance cycle power and efficiency, plus possibly reduce the overall size, weight and cost. It allows a higher cycle peak temperature without need for a cooling system. Furthermore, the rotational speed of a wave rotor is low compared with turbomachines. This results in low material stresses, which may allow for higher material temperatures or the use of less expensive materials. The essential feature of a wave rotor is an array of channels that is arranged around a rotational axis. The channels may be axial, radial or oblique to the axis. They may be straight for simplicity or curved in more advanced designs. Likewise, the cross-sectional area and form of the channels could be constant in simpler designs and may be varied in advanced configurations. The channels are incorporated in a drum, disc or a cone, that usually rotates between two stationary end plates as shown in Fig. 1 for an axial configuration. The end plates have ports that direct flow into and out of the channels and connect the wave rotor through manifolds to the external continuous flow process. The relative motion between ports and channels controls the unsteady flow through the channels. The number and position of the ports varies for different applications. The gap between the end plates and the channel assembly has to be relatively small to minimize leakage losses. This may be ensured by a passive or active gap control or by contacting surfaces that are made of appropriate sealing material. While in the most applications the channel assembly rotates and the end plates are stationary, the opposite configuration has been suggested in which the channels are stationary and the end plates with port openings rotate, ensuring the same flow control mechanism. Such a configuration has more than one rotating part and usually doubles interfaces that need to be sealed between rotating and stationary parts. However, it may be preferred for laboratory investigations because it easily enables flow measurement in the channels where the important dynamic interactions take place. However, this arrangement rarely seems to be convenient for commercial purposes. The rotating parts may be gear or belt driven or preferably direct driven by an electrical motor. The power required to keep them at correctly designed speed is negligible [3, 4]. It only needs to overcome rotor windage and friction in the bearings and contact sealing if used. Alternatively, rotors can be made self-driving. This configuration, known as the “free-running rotor”, can drive itself by using the momentum of the flow to rotate the rotor [5, 6]. The periodical exposure of the channels to the port openings in the end plates initiates compression and expansion waves that move through the wave rotor channels and generates the unsteady flow internally in the wave rotor. Thus, pressure is exchanged dynamically between fluids utilizing unsteady pressure waves. Therefore, unlike in steady-flow turbomachines that usually in one component only compress or expand the fluid, both compression and expansion are accomplished in the wave rotor, being a single component. Through the periodic exposure of the channels to both fluids between which the pressure is exchanged, the channel wall temperature is maintained between the temperatures of both fluids, which gives the wave rotor an inherently self- cooling feature. Further, the velocity of the working fluid in the channels is about one-third of values within turbomachines [4]. Therefore, the rotor channels are less prone to erosion damage than the blades of turbomachines. If most of the fluid leaves the wave rotor channels in a direction opposite to that in which it has entered, then such a configuration is usually referred to as the reverse flow-type and if most of the fluid is flowing through the full length of the channel and leaving at the other end then this is called the through-flow type. WAVE ROTOR APPLICATIONS As a combined expansion and compression device, the wave rotor can be used as a supercharging device for IC engines, a topping component for gas turbines, or in refrigeration cycles. In advanced configurations, the high energy fluid may be generated by combustion occurring internally in the wave rotor channels allowing extremely short residence times at high temperature, hence potentially reducing emissions. A condensing wave rotor may be viewed as a similarly advanced configuration that enhances the performance of refrigeration cycles. Recently, wave rotor technology has been envisioned to enhance the performance of ultra-micro gas turbines manufactured using today’s and future microfabrication technologies [7, 8]. Gas Turbine Applications For gas turbine applications, in a conventional arrangement, a wave rotor is embedded between the compressor and turbine “parallel” to the combustion chamber. Figure 2 illustrates how a four-port wave rotor is used to top a gas turbine cycle. In the wave rotor channels, the hot gas leaving the combustion chamber compresses the air coming out of the compressor. After the additional compression of the air in the wave rotor, it is discharged into the combustion chamber. The burned gas expands during the compression of the air and is afterwards scavenged toward the turbine. Then, the channels are re-connected to the compressor outlet, allowing fresh pre- compressed air to flow into the wave rotor channels and the cycle starts again. Due to the pre-expansion in the wave rotor, the burned gas enters the turbine with a temperature less than Channels Stator end plate Rotating drum Figure 1: Schematic configuration of a typical wave rotor machine 2 Copyright © 2004 by ASMEPDF Image | RADIAL-FLOW WAVE ROTOR CONCEPTS, UNCONVENTIONAL DESIGNS
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