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Combustion Chamber 32 3C 0-1C-2C-3C-4C-5C Engine topped with a Conventional Wave Rotor 1 Wave Rotor Compressor 4 4C 4b 5b 5C 0-1b-4b-5b Baseline Engine 0 Compressor Wave Rotor 5 Turbine Tturbine Turbine Combustor 2C 1b=1C 0 Figure 2: Schematic of a gas turbine topped by a four-port wave rotor the combustor exit temperature. However, the gas pressure is higher than the compressor exit pressure by the pressure gain obtained in the wave rotor. This is in contrast to the untopped engine, where the turbine inlet pressure is always less than the compressor discharge pressure due to the pressure loss occurring in the combustion chamber. The general advantage of using a wave rotor becomes obvious when comparing the thermodynamic cycles of baseline and wave-rotor-enhanced engines. Since the wave rotor application was first envisioned and tried for gas turbines [9], this is demonstrated in a schematic temperature-entropy diagram for a gas turbine baseline engine (dashed line) and the corresponding wave-rotor-topped engine (solid line) in Fig. 3. While many other advantageous implementation cases of the wave rotor into a given baseline engine are possible [10, 11]. The diagram shows that both the baseline and the enhanced cycle gas turbine are operating with the same turbine inlet temperature and compressor pressure ratio. However, the output work of the topped engine is higher than that of the baseline engine due to the pressure gain across the wave rotor. In the shown case the amount of heat addition is the same for both cycles. Therefore the thermal efficiency for the topped engine is higher than that of the baseline engine, which is indicated by the lower entropy production in the wave-rotor- enhanced cycle. Wave rotors as topping devices for gas turbine cycles have been studied extensively. Since the early 1960s General Electric Company (GE), General Power Corporation (GPC), and Rolls Royce were involved in the development of wave rotor prototypes for propulsion applications [12, 13]. Mathematical Science Northwest (MSNW) also studied various aspects of wave energy exchange and proposed a wave rotor Entropy Figure 3: Schematic Temperature-Entropy diagram for a gas turbine with and without a wave-rotor design for an aircraft turbofan engine [12]. In the 1980s, different US agencies like Defense Advanced Research Program Projects Agency (DARPA) and the US Navy expressed interest and sponsored programs to develop an understanding of wave rotor science and technology. Many developments were presented in the 1985 ONR/NAVAIR Wave Rotor Research and Technology Workshop [13]. Since the late 1980s, A large research program at NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) collaborated by the US Army Research Laboratory (ARL) and Rolls-Royce Allison has aimed to develop and demonstrate the benefits of wave rotor technology for future aircraft propulsion systems [14-20]. Experimental studies at NASA on four-port [21] and three-port [22-24] wave rotors enabled the estimation of loss budgets [25, 26] and simulation code validation [27]. The experimental work consisted of two phases. Initially, a simple three-port flow divider wave rotor was built and tested to evaluate loss mechanisms and calibrate the simulation code. Next, a four- port pressure exchanger was built and was tested to evaluate the pressure-gain performance for application to a small gas turbine (Allison 250). However, a study by Rolls-Royce Allison indicated that thermal loads on the rotor and ducting predicted for the NASA wave rotor cycle in real engine conditions may be difficult to manage. In response, Nalim and Paxson [28, 29] proposed an alterative cycle with a combustor bypass significantly lowering thermal loads. Sealing and mechanical design issues are being addressed in current NASA tests. NASA’s wave rotor research was later extended to the concept of internal combustion wave rotors [30-33] in which both pressure exchange and combustion take place within the wave channels, and further to pulse detonation engines (PDE) 3 Copyright © 2004 by ASME TemperaturePDF Image | RADIAL-FLOW WAVE ROTOR CONCEPTS, UNCONVENTIONAL DESIGNS
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