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turbine stages. Figure 11, which is reproduced from Reference 1, was used as the basis for study of the effect of the number of turbine stages on Rankine cycle performance. A family of Rankine cycles having a power output of 1000 KW and a condensing temperature of llO°F was chosen for a sample. Rankine cycle efficiency a8 a function of turbine inlet conditions and the number of turbine stages is shown in Figure 12. For each of the three i n l e t pressures of Figure 12, the highest number of stages shown corresponds with the number used forthe basic Ran- kine cycle calculations discussed earlier. For each reduction i n the number of stages, cycle efficiency decreases betveen 1.5 and 3.0 percent. In a 1000 KBJ solar-electric plant, each percentage point change in cycle efficiency could result in a difference of $60,000 i n solar receiver cost. (This is based on data from Reference 4.) The tctal cost of a 1000 KW, 10-stage turbine is approximately $300,000 for prototype units: production units would be significantly lower i n cost. The cost of the turbine is net: linearly related to the number of stages, A single stage, 1000 KW turbine would cost nearly $200,000. It is easily seen that reducing the number of stages in the turbine has a pro- nounced negative effect on overall system cost. With the radial outflow turbine geometry, there is a l i m i t to the number of stages that can be specified for a single rotor disc design. The mechanical design of the rotor limits t i p speeds to values of 1500 ft/sec or less depending on turbine exhaust steam conditions. To obtain a larger diameter disc, permitting more stages to be mounted, the shaft speed must be lowered. It has been ETI's experience that to obtain optimum turbine performance, the highest shaft speed possible should be utilized at a given power level. Otherwise, designofhigh efficiency inner stages becomes difficult. The rough turbine designs computed for the basic Rankine cycle calculations were reviewed regarding their adaptability to various condenser pressures. Specifically, the effect of adding or removing a stage at the exit ofaparticular turbine design was studied. "ne final starjes of a multi-stage radial outflow turbine have pressure r a t i o s of approximately 2.3 t o 1 for optimum per- formance. Holding shaft speed constant, the addition of another stage at the turbine exit would cause the turbine blade stress to nearly double (using the equation defined previously). Forthe majority of turbines within the parametric bounds of this study, an additional stage would put the stress beyond the design l i mi t . Another problem w i t h adding a stage to the exit is that the spouting velocity from the added stator blade row would likely be lower than the relative velocity of the rotor-thus prohibiting steam from entering the rotor. This problem results from the relatively low t i p speeds of the turbines of this study, which is the result of operating with saturated exhaust steam. 10PDF Image | Radial Outflow Turbine for Solar Steam Rankine Engines
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