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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..............................................................................................I LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.............................................................................................II ABSTRACT............................................................................................................IV TABLE OF CONTENTS...............................................................................................VI LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................IX LIST OF TABLES..................................................................................................XVI NOMENCLATURE ..............................................................................................XVIII 1. 2. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Background........................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2. Objectives and scope ......................................................................................................................... 7 1.3. Thesis outline..................................................................................................................................... 8 ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE - LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................. 10 2.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 10 2.2. ORC background ............................................................................................................................. 11 2.3. ORC configurations ......................................................................................................................... 11 2.4. Organic working fluid selection ...................................................................................................... 15 2.5. Comparison with steam Rankine cycle (SRC)................................................................................. 20 2.6. ORC applications............................................................................................................................. 24 2.6.1. Biomass combined heat and power (CHP).................................................................................. 24 2.6.2. Solar power cycles ...................................................................................................................... 26 2.6.3. Geothermal binary power cycles ................................................................................................. 28 2.6.4. Internal combustion engines (ICE) waste heat recovery ............................................................. 30 2.6.5. Gas and steam power cycle exhaust heat recovery...................................................................... 32 2.6.6. Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) with ORC ................................................................ 35 2.7. Expansion devices ........................................................................................................................... 37 2.7.1. Scroll expander............................................................................................................................ 38 2.7.2. Screw expander ........................................................................................................................... 40 2.7.3. Reciprocating piston expander .................................................................................................... 42 2.7.4. Rotary vane expander .................................................................................................................. 43 2.7.5. Turbo-expanders (axial flow and radial inflow turbines) ............................................................ 44 2.8. Summary and conclusions ............................................................................................................... 52 METHODOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING RADIAL INFLOW TURBINE (RIT) ................................ 54 3.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 54 3.2. Dimensional analysis and turbine selection ..................................................................................... 54 3.3. Radial inflow turbine (RIT) architecture ......................................................................................... 57 3.4. Development methodology overview .............................................................................................. 59 3.5. Mean-line (one-dimensional) modelling and performance estimation ............................................ 61 3.5.1. Overview of the mean-line procedure ......................................................................................... 61 3.5.2. Rotor modelling .......................................................................................................................... 64 3.5.3. Nozzle modelling ........................................................................................................................ 69 3.5.4. Performance estimation with loss models ................................................................................... 70 3.5.5. Parametric studies and selection of the candidate turbine ........................................................... 75 3.6. Detailed three-dimensional analysis (CFD & FEA) ........................................................................ 85 3.6.1. Overview of the detailed design procedure ................................................................................. 85 3.6.2. 3-D CAD modelling of rotor and nozzle geometries .................................................................. 86 3.6.3. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis ........................................................................... 88 3. VIPDF Image | SMALL-SCALE RADIAL INFLOW TURBINE FOR WHR ORC
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