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3.6.4. Finite element analysis (FEA) ................................................................................................... 114 3.7. Summary and conclusions ............................................................................................................. 119 4. MANUFACTURING AND EXPERIMENTAL TESTING OF THE DEVELOPED COMPRESSED AIR RIT ............................................................................................................................................................. 121 4.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 121 4.2. 3-D CAD solid modelling and manufacturing ............................................................................... 122 4.2.1. CAD modelling ......................................................................................................................... 122 4.2.2. Additive layer manufacturing.................................................................................................... 126 4.3. Experimental testing ...................................................................................................................... 126 4.3.1. Description of experimental facility .......................................................................................... 126 4.3.2. Instrumentation ......................................................................................................................... 134 4.3.3. Instruments calibration .............................................................................................................. 136 4.3.4. Measurement accuracy .............................................................................................................. 139 4.3.5. Uncertainty propagation ............................................................................................................ 139 4.3.6. Experimental results and validation of the CFD model ............................................................ 141 6. THREE-DIMENSIONAL CFD OPTIMIZATION OF THE DUAL-STAGE ORGANIC RIT ........ 216 4.4. Summary and conclusions ............................................................................................................. 152 5. MEAN-LINE MODELLING AND OPTIMIZATION OF ORGANIC RIT AND INTEGRATION WITH CYCLE ANALYSIS PROGRAM........................................................................................................ 154 5.1. 5.2. 5.3. 5.3.1. 5.4. 5.4.1. 5.4.2. 5.4.3. 5.4.4. 5.4.5. 5.5. 5.6. 5.6.1. 5.7. 5.7.1. 5.7.2. 5.8. 5.8.1. 5.8.2. 5.8.3. 5.9. 5.10. regression 5.11. 5.12. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 154 Organic working fluid selection .................................................................................................... 156 Organic Rankine cycle modelling.................................................................................................. 159 ORC standalone model - calculation of state points.................................................................. 159 Mean-line modelling of organic RIT with real-gas formulation.................................................... 162 Overview of modelling procedure............................................................................................. 162 Rotor modelling ........................................................................................................................ 163 Nozzle modelling ...................................................................................................................... 167 Volute modelling....................................................................................................................... 167 Performance estimation with losses .......................................................................................... 169 Integration of ORC model with organic RIT model ...................................................................... 169 Methodology for one-dimensional optimization with genetic algorithm....................................... 171 Optimization constraints ........................................................................................................... 174 Parametric studies .......................................................................................................................... 175 Parametric studies with ORC-RIT model.................................................................................. 175 Effect of ORC standalone model with constant turbine efficiency on the parametric study results 184 GA optimization results and candidate configuration.................................................................... 187 GA control parameters .............................................................................................................. 187 Comparison of GA with traditional optimization techniques .................................................... 188 Optimization results for ORC standalone model and ORC-RIT model .................................... 189 Optimization of the dual-stage transonic RIT................................................................................ 202 Correlations for optimum isentropic efficiency and size of single-stage organic RIT using analysis .......................................................................................................................................... 206 Comparison of the optimized approach with literature .................................................................. 211 Summary and conclusions ............................................................................................................. 214 6.1. 6.2. 6.2.1. 6.2.2. 6.2.3. 6.3. 6.4. 6.5. 6.6. 6.7. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 216 Methodology for three-dimensional CFD optimization................................................................. 217 Design of experiments (DOE) ................................................................................................... 220 Meta-model (surrogate model) .................................................................................................. 221 Genetic algorithm optimization method .................................................................................... 222 Parameterization of rotor geometry and definition of objectives and constraints .......................... 223 Baseline geometry generation of the dual-stage organic RIT ........................................................ 225 Grid generation and CFD setup ..................................................................................................... 227 CFD optimization results of the dual-stage organic RIT ............................................................... 229 Modelling and CFD analysis of the Volute ................................................................................... 248 VIIPDF Image | SMALL-SCALE RADIAL INFLOW TURBINE FOR WHR ORC
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