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CHAPTER 2: Organic Rankine Cycle – Literature Review 2.2. ORC background Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is analogous to the steam Rankine cycle (SRC) as it contains all the main components of the SRC such as evaporator, expansion device, condenser and pump with the only difference that the water is replaced by an organic compound (i.e. hydrocarbons, refrigerants, ethers and siloxanes). In fact the ORC technology is rather old perhaps as old as the SRC. The first patented concept of an engine using ether as the working fluid is dated back to 1826 (Galloway et al. 1836). Substantial efforts were invested during the first half of the 20th century to develop the ORC technology for power generation mainly by exploiting the solar and geothermal energies (Shuman 1907, Tabor et al. 1963, Pytilinski 1978, Curran 1981). As a consequence of the oil crisis and the environmental issues during the 70s and 80s, the development of the ORC systems occurred at a faster pace in various aspects such as novel configurations like cascaded cycle (Bronicki 1972), alternative organic fluids such as zeotropic mixtures (Wang et al. 2009), and innovative applications such as the use of ORC in vehicles (Dolz et al. 2012). Such trend continued at a fast-pace until today. 2.3. ORC configurations As discussed in section 2.2 the ORC layout is very similar to the SRC, though, it is considerably simpler as there is no need for the water-steam drum to be connected to the boiler and one single heat exchanger is capable to facilitate all three phases of the heating process as preheating, vaporization and superheating (Quoilin 2011). Figure 2-1 shows a schematic of the simple organic Rankine cycle. The flow process across the ORC components is described as following: 11 | P a g ePDF Image | SMALL-SCALE RADIAL INFLOW TURBINE FOR WHR ORC
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