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CHAPTER 2: Organic Rankine Cycle – Literature Review 2.4. Organic working fluid selection The choice of working fluid is a crucial factor in the ORC system design and performance. Thermo-physical properties of working fluids have major impacts on the system efficiency, economic viability, components’ size, system stability, expander’s performance, safety and environmental issues (Schuster et al. 2009, Stoppato 2012, Bao et al. 2013). The selection of the working fluid is critical to achieve high cycle thermal efficiency as well as maximizing the heat extraction from the hot stream. Organic fluids are often heavy compounds with large molecular weights and low boiling temperature and pressure. They are characterized based on their slope of saturation vapour diagram as dry, isentropic and wet fluids with positive, zero and negative slopes respectively as presented in Figure 2-5. With the lower operating temperatures of the ORC, dry and isentropic fluids are favourable compared to the wet fluids such as water because of their superheated condition after expansion. This eliminates the need for the superheating equipment and the potential damages caused by the impingement of liquid droplets onto the components in the fluid path. These characteristics can significantly reduce the evaporator size and the expander maintenance hence will reduce the capital and running cost of the system. 15 | P a g ePDF Image | SMALL-SCALE RADIAL INFLOW TURBINE FOR WHR ORC
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