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CHAPTER 2: Organic Rankine Cycle – Literature Review operation of the ORC depends on two key factors namely the operating conditions and thermodynamic properties of fluids. Among the investigated fluids, p-Xylene showed the lowest irreversibility and proved to be suitable for recovering a high temperature waste heat. Saleh et al. (2007) carried out a screening process of 31 pure organic compounds including dry, isentropic and wet fluids such as alkanes, fluorinated alkanes, ethers and fluorinated ethers. They assessed the cycle thermal efficiencies of all these fluids for both simple ORC and recuperated ORC and both subcritical and supercritical cycle configurations. They concluded that the highest thermal efficiencies are obtained by dry fluids with high boiling temperatures in a recuperated ORC where n-pentane showed the highest thermal efficiency of 13%. Drescher et al. (2007) developed a software for finding a thermodynamically suitable working fluid for the ORC by examining more than 700 compounds and adopting a new plant design by avoiding the pinch point at the start of vaporization. The maximum cycle thermal efficiencies were reported for the family of alkyl-benzenes. Tchanche et al. (2009) investigated the selection of suitable fluids for low-temperature solar ORC by studying the properties of 20 organic fluids and comparing them in terms of thermal efficiency, volume flow rate, expansion ratio, toxicity and flammability. They showed that none of the investigated fluids have all the desirable characteristics and decision making should be based on a compromise between the advantages and drawbacks of each fluid. They concluded that for the mentioned application R134a has the most favourable characteristics followed by R152a, R290, butane and isobutane. Branchini et al. (2013) conducted a systematic study of the ORC by calculating its performance based on six different thermodynamic parameters including cycle efficiency, specific work, recovery efficiency and heat exchangers size parameter using three aromatics, three siloxanes, two refrigerants and three hydrocarbons as the working fluids. Their study provided a useful guideline for selecting the most appropriate fluid and ORC configuration based on the defined 19 | P a g ePDF Image | SMALL-SCALE RADIAL INFLOW TURBINE FOR WHR ORC
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