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CHAPTER 2: Organic Rankine Cycle – Literature Review The heat form the biomass feed-burner is transferred via the flue gases to the heat transfer fluid (thermal oil). Then the hot thermal oil is directed to the ORC evaporator to vaporize the organic working fluid. The use of intermediate heating medium (thermal oil) has some advantages such as low pressure in the evaporator, insensitivity to the load changes, simple and safe control and operation (Tchanche et al. 2011). Liu et al. (2011) studied the thermodynamic modeling of a 2kWE biomass-fired CHP system with the simple ORC using three fluids as HFE7000, HFE7100 and n-pentane. They showed that both superheating and sub-cooling are detrimental to the ORC thermal efficiency. The reported overall CHP efficiency is in the order of 80% with the electrical efficiency in the range of 7.5% to 13.5%. They concluded that the ORC efficiency is dependent on several factors including the modeling conditions, working fluids, hot water temperature in the biomass boiler and the amount and quality of heating supplied by the CHP system. Qiu et al. (2012) conducted an experimental study of a biomass-fired micro-CHP system based on the recuperated ORC for domestic applications using a 50kWth biomass-pellet burner. They used vane type rotary air motor as the expander and HFE7000 as the working fluid and obtained 0.861kW of electricity and CHP efficiency of 78.69% and electrical efficiency of 1.41%. They suggested that the cooling water temperature (46°C) at the exit of the condenser is suitable for domestic washing and underfloor heating. Prando et al. (2015) assessed the energy performance of a biomass boiler coupled with the ORC operating with MDM (octamethyltrisiloxane) working fluid under the real operating conditions and identified the potential improvements. They reported that a decrease of 10°C in the district heating network temperature can improve the electric efficiency of the ORC generator by one percent. They also concluded that this temperature reduction reduced the associated losses in the boiler including exhaust latent thermal loss which accounted for 9% of the boiler input power. 25 | P a g ePDF Image | SMALL-SCALE RADIAL INFLOW TURBINE FOR WHR ORC
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