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CHAPTER 2: Organic Rankine Cycle – Literature Review based on ICE transient operating conditions. A model was built in Matlab coupled with REFPROP to compare the performance of investigated fluids. They showed that due to the large variance in the engine exhaust gas operating conditions, definition of the suitable operating range that can maximize utilization of waste heat is crucial. Results indicated that R11, R141b, R113 and R123 exhibit better performance while R245fa and R245ca were shown to be more suitable for this application as they are environmentally friendlier compared to others. Dolz et al. (2012) studied two bottoming cycles as SRC and ORC for waste heat recovery of a heavy- duty diesel engine. The amount of waste energy from the diesel engine was evaluated and the two configurations were compared in terms of minimum external irreversibility, complexity, efficiency and power. Zhang et al. (2013) conducted the performance analysis of a light-duty diesel engine bottoming with a dual loop ORC for WHR of the engine exhaust using R245fa and R134a. The reported results showed that the output power increases from 14% to 16% in the peak effective thermal efficiency region and from 38% to 43% in the small load region when the engine is equipped with ORC system. Capata et al. (2014) studied the feasibility of an on-board ORC WHR system suitable for all types of thermally propelled vehicles especially for ICEs and automotive application. They concluded that the patented system have benefits in terms of reducing the fuel consumption and emissions as the extra power produced by the ORC can be used for vehicle auxiliaries, though, the system size and weight remained unresolved challenges. 2.6.5. Gas and steam power cycle exhaust heat recovery It is a common practice in the large-scale power plants to recover the exhaust heat from gas turbines in a Bryton cycle to produce steam for driving SRC system. Usually the exhaust gas from the gas turbine is in the range of 500-600°C which makes the SRC a more attractive option for WHR (Table 2-1). However, with emergence of micro-gas turbines during the 90s 32 | P a g ePDF Image | SMALL-SCALE RADIAL INFLOW TURBINE FOR WHR ORC
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